INTRODUCTION OPTICAL transport technology has mainly been used for transport systems for long-haul transmission of large volumes of data between cities. As a consequence of the continuing conversion of network broadband access, however, optical transport technology is beginning to be applied to transmission within cities and to access systems for users. Optical access systems that perform optic...

Previous studies of public transport sustainability in cities have been very limited to date, particularly in more developing countries located throughout Asia and the Middle East. This paper assesses the sustainability of urban public transport systems in cities by adopting a quantitative measurement framework containing 15 public transport sustainability indicators. It compares aggregate sust...

The management of transport infrastructures has undergone major reforms in recent decades, including privatization, de-bureaucratization, and regulation. One important but often neglected issue in the management of large transport facilities is the joint governance of ports and airports, a phenomenon that is relatively frequent in the US but not in either Europe or Asia. To examine the factors ...

urbanization development followed by increase in travel demand in recent years made some problems for cities such as traffic, lack of suitable parking, environmental issues, economic and social etc. meanwhile, public transport, especially bus services are very important in the development of urban functions thus, paying attention to different aspects of the transport in order to increase its ef...

building contraventions have become one of the important dilemmas of many cities like tehran. the wide aftereffects of the contraventions and the large cost of removing their negative effects, make the reduction of the possibility of their occurrence essential. this paper tries to find the reasons and roots of building contraventions in order to prevent their occurrence through appropriate plan...

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