This paper probes effects of the evolvement of labor resources on technical efficiency in crop production in rural China. Based on twelve years of data on crop production of 30 provinces in China, a stochastic frontier production function model is used to measure crop production efficiency in three crop-functional areas—the production area, the consumption area, and the balanced area. Then effe...

This paper studies a new representation of individ~l preferences termed the benefit function. The benetit function b(g; x,u) measures the amount that an individual is willing to trade, in terms of a specific reference commodity bundle g, for the opportunity to move from utility level a to a consumption bundle x. The benefit function is therefore a generalization of the willingness-to-pay concep...

The contribution of indirect fitness to inclusive fitness is expected to increase as the reproductive skew increases, with indirect fitness being the only component of inclusive fitness of sterile individuals in eusocial species. However, the relative contribution of indirect fitness to inclusive fitness has rarely been evaluated empirically. Using data from a long-term study (1962–2003), we sh...

Fiji’s central bank, the Reserve Bank of Fiji (RBF) since its inception in 1983, has been pursuing monetary policy with the mandated objectives of economic growth with price stability and an adequate level of exchange reserves. In 1988, as part of financial sector reforms, RBF discontinued the use of direct instruments and switched on to employment of indirect instruments for influencing intere...

The pandemic is not new in the history of humanity. called COVID-19 disease has a great impact on actions and activities humanity consequently Environment. Food demand thus food security are greatly affected due to mobility restrictions, reduced purchasing power with greater most vulnerable population groups. crisis threatened livestock production, nutrition millions people, many whom were alre...