BACKGROUND This paper discusses national programs implemented in India, Pakistan, Malaysia, and Philippines to generate and apply evidence in making informed policy decisions on the approval, pricing, reimbursement and financing of medicines, diagnostics, and medical devices. APPROVAL In all countries, the Ministries of Health are generally responsible for approval of health technologies thro...

Basmati is one of the most popular types of rice in the world, representing approximately 40% of the dry rice market. Being twice as expensive as non-Basmati rice, it is also often mixed with other types of rice. Approximately 46% of sold Basmati rice is adulterated. The term Basmati is a customer generic name for 15 varieties of rice produced exclusively in India and Pakistan. Nine of the 15 v...

Curculigo orchioides Gaertn. (Hypoxidaceae) is popularly known as black musali in India. The rhizome as well as tuberous roots of the plant has been extensively used in indigenous system of medicine in India, Pakistan and China, for the treatment of various diseases including jaundice, asthma and diarthrosis. The juice extracted from the rhizome has also been used as a tonic to overcome impoten...

There must be few other situations where there are eager purchasers of natural gas (India and Pakistan), willing suppliers of natural gas (Turkmenistan, Iran, Qatar and Oman), and yet, no pipeline. The distances involved are modest, and techno-economic viability appears straightforward. This paper examines in detail the policy, technology, and economics of an overland pipeline supplying natural...

My initial contact with Gavin Wright came when I arrived at Yale University from Pakistan in the early summer of 1971 due to the war between Pakistan and India. At the time, I had been a research fellow at the Institute for Development Economics in Karachi as part of a Yale-Ford Foundation project. Ford made a “safety-first” decision to have all Americans return to their country. Gavin was then...

A scientific evaluation of herbs or medicinal plants according to their ethnopharmacological or traditional methods of use in various diseases management can incorporate them into the complementary and alternative medicine. Curculigo orchioides Gaertn. (Hypoxidaceae) is a perennial herb with long cylindrical rhizomes, distributed throughout India, especially in north hillside region, as well as...

in this article, i try to find out what are the effects of financial variablessuch as ratio of private sector deposits to gdp and ratio of bank credit toprivate sector to gdp and value of stocks trade in tehran stockexchange to total current value of stocks and private sector liquidity togdp on total investment.we use two models to test our hypothesis the first is a model for iranand the second...

This paper seeks to explore the history of evolution leftist politics in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province Pakistan, which underwent a long process transformation. Beginning with anti-colonial sentiments opposing British imperialism undivided India, revolutionary struggle fused Pan-Islamism during Khilafat movement and finally came into direct contact Bolshevik ideology at end Hijra (travel) Afghanis...