The paper examines, taking into account the urban-rural divides, the changes and welfare implications of income diversification in Zimbabwe following macroeconomic policy changes and droughts of the early 1990s. Data from two comparable national income, consumption and expenditure surveys show that the percentage of households earning income from private and informal sources grew considerably w...

BACKGROUND Urban living affects children's nutrition and growth, which are determinants of their survival, cognitive development, and lifelong health. Little is known about urban-rural differences in children's height and weight, and how these differences have changed over time. We aimed to investigate trends in children's height and weight in rural and urban settings in low-income and middle-i...

The increasing prevalence of HIV/AIDS in Rwanda – along with the devastating effects of the genocide of 1994 – means that many rural households face extreme stress. Since 90 percent of the population is engaged in agriculture, the consequences should be reflected in agricultural production. This research evaluates differences between households directly affected by HIV/AIDS and other illnesses ...

OBJECTIVE To identify factors driving the rapid increase in caesarean section in China between 1988 and 2008. METHODS Data from four national cross-sectional surveys (1993, 1998, 2003 and 2008) and modified Poisson regression were used to determine whether changes in household income, access to health insurance or women's education accounted for the rise in caesarean sections in urban and rur...

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the trend of catastrophic health expenses (CHE) for inpatient care in relation to the commencement of the New Cooperative Medical Scheme (NCMS) in rural China from 2003 to 2013, and the roles of NCMS in protecting affected households from CHE. METHODS We assessed the 10-year trend of the incidence and severity of CHE in rural households with hospitalised members using da...

We use three conventional inequality indices—the Gini, the coefficient of variation of income, and the relative mean deviation of income—and the Atkinson index to examine the effect of income tax rates, the minimum wage, and all the major government welfare and transfer programs on the evolution of income inequality for rural and urban areas by state from 1981-1997. We find that these programs ...

This paper examines the determinants that influence health care demand decisions in rural areas of Gansu province, China. This represents the first effort to identify and quantify the effect of price of care on choice of provider in China, and is the first quantitative examination of this topic focusing on poor rural areas in China. In the three-tier health care system in rural China, we furthe...

nonfarm activities play an important role in the determination of rural household income, consumption expenditure, and household food security. however, much less studies have been devoted to the factors that influence nonfarm income diversification by farm household in developing countries. using cross-sectional data and a probit model, this study attempts to determine the factors influencing ...

introduction one of the most important environmental hazards that is happening in recent years in iran is the sudden reduction of water level of oromiye lake. because of different reasons such as civil projects, repetitive droughts, an increase in the average temperature in the region, and the resulted inhancement in the evaporation of the lake’s water, it has been susceptible to going dryand h...