Eastern equine encephalomyelitis vaccines were prepared with virus propagated in stationary monolayer cultures and in concentrated suspension cultures of primary chick embryo cells. Virus pools for vaccine preparation were inactivated by three different methods: 0.05% formalin, 41 C heat, and 0.16% beta-propiolactone. Heat-and beta-propiolactone-inactivated vaccines maintained high hemagglutina...

As the predominant aetiological agent of the common cold, human rhinovirus (HRV) is the leading cause of human infectious disease. Early studies showed that a monovalent formalin-inactivated HRV vaccine can be protective, and virus-neutralizing antibodies (nAb) correlated with protection. However, co-circulation of many HRV types discouraged further vaccine efforts. Here, we test the hypothesis...

Efficacy of whole cell pertussis vaccines (wP) in humans correlates with (and hence is measured by) the ‘mouse protection test’, wherein vaccinated mice are challenged with live B. pertussis. This test does not work similarly with acellular pertussis vaccines (aP); hence antibody levels to various antigens are measured as a surrogate marker of efficacy. This difference between the direct as com...

CONTEXT Beginning with the winter season of 2004-2005, influenza vaccination has been recommended for all children 6 to 23 months old in the United States. However, its safety in young children has not been adequately studied in large populations. OBJECTIVE To screen for medically attended events in the clinic, emergency department, or hospital after administration of trivalent inactivated in...

UNLABELLED A randomized clinical trial of hepatitis A vaccines (1 or 2 doses of inactivated vaccine [Healive] or 1 dose of live attenuated vaccine [Biovac]) was conducted among adults to evaluate seroprotection rates and geometric mean concentrations of antibody against hepatitis A virus for 36 months. High rates of seroprotection persisted for at least 36 months among adults who received 1 or ...

As the world takes rapid strides in the eradication of polio, the trivalent inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) would be the only polio vaccine available in the near future. Since the maintenance of herd immunity is important for sustaining polio eradication, this vaccine would need to be used in the early childhood immunization schedule for many years to come [1]. WHO’s Strategic Advisory Group of...

foot-and-mouth disease is an important viral disease of cloven-hoofed animals. inactivated whole particle virus vaccines are still widely used in prophylactic vaccination campaigns. the choice of adjuvant is a very important factor in enhancing immune responses and the efficacy of inactivated vaccines. montanide isa 61 vg is a new ready-to-use mineral oil-based adjuvant developed by seppic inc....

The genome sequence of the human pathogen Corynebacterium diphtheriae bv. mitis strain ISS 3319 was determined and closed in this study. The genome is estimated to have 2,404,936 bp encoding 2,257 proteins. This strain also possesses a plasmid of 1,960 bp.

BACKGROUND Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a leading cause of bronchiolitis and pneumonia in young children worldwide, and no vaccine is currently available. Inactivated RSV vaccines tested in the 1960's led to vaccine-enhanced disease upon viral challenge, which has undermined RSV vaccine development. RSV infection is increasingly being recognized as an important pathogen in the elderly, ...

Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is a deadly and highly infectious disease caused by SARS Coronavirus (SARS-CoV). Inactivated SARS-CoV has been explored as a vaccine against SARS-CoV; however, current knowledge of inactivated SARS-CoV vaccine is quite limited. We attempted to investigate the effects of different immunization protocols and adjuvant on the antibody responses to inactivate...