The shapes of homologous skeletal elements in the vertebrate forelimb and hindlimb are distinct, with each element exquisitely adapted to their divergent functions. Many of the signals and signalling pathways responsible for patterning the developing limb bud are common to both forelimb and hindlimb. How disparate morphologies are generated from common signalling inputs during limb development ...

Background/aim: Methotrexate (MTX) is a folic acid antagonist that widely used to treat osteosarcoma, leukemia, breast cancer, and autoimmune inflammatory diseases. The most important concerns with MTX are its poor solubility high toxicity, particularly in liver cells. To enhance minimize we encapsulated niosomes investigated hepatotoxicity mechanisms using genetic biomarkers. Materials methods...

This study reports that tumor-targeting glycol chitosan nanoparticles with physically loaded and chemically conjugated photosensitizers can be used in photodynamic therapy (PDT). First, the hydrophobic photosensitizer, chlorin e6 (Ce6), was physically loaded onto the hydrophobically-modified glycol chitosan nanoparticles (HGC), which were prepared by self-assembling amphiphilic glycol chitosan-...

Two broad classes of models have been proposed to explain the patterning of the proximal-distal axis of the vertebrate limb (from the shoulder to the digit tips). Differentiating between them, we demonstrate that early limb mesenchyme in the chick is initially maintained in a state capable of generating all limb segments through exposure to a combination of proximal and distal signals. As the l...

Largehead Atractylodes Rhizome (LAR) is the most commonly used Chinese herbal medicine for threatened miscarriage. Potential reproductive toxicity of LAR was identified in early pregnancy in animals. Skeletal anomalies including loss of ulna and distal digits, shortening of humerus and radius were observed in higher clinical dose groups. Here, we aimed to study the molecular mechanism of the co...

As the earliest and the most revered military treatise in ancient China, Sun Tzu’s The Art of War contains a great number of culture-loaded words. This paper analyzes the problems and solutions in translating culture-loaded words by comparing two influential English versions of The Art of War by the leading sinologist Dr. Lionel Giles and the contemporary Chinese translator Lin Wusun. The compa...