This article provides an intellectual archeology of how the term "respect" has functioned in the field of bioethics. I argue that over time the function of the term has shifted, with a significant turning point occurring in 1979. Prior to 1979, the term "respect" connoted primarily the notion of "respect for persons" which functioned as an umbrella which conferred protection to autonomous perso...

This paper presents the HDG learning algorithm, which uses a hierarchical decomposition of the state space to make learning to achieve goals more efficient with a small penalty in path quality. Special care must be taken when performing hierarchical planning and learning in stochastic domains, because macro-operators cannot be executed ballistically. The HDG algorithm, which is a descendent of ...

OBJECTIVE To show a rare lesion that sometimes simulates vascular disorder of the lower extremities. METHOD Three patients were operated and the follow-up period was eight months, the surgical technique was neurotomy of the infrapatellar and descendent branches. RESULTS In two cases there were almost total pain resolution, and in other case improvement only. CONCLUSION Surgical treatment ...

This article reports a 55 years old man came to the emergency department with complaint fatigue and weakness since 6 day ago. Patient have 1 week history of diarrhoea abdominal pain also had nausea The patient does not take NSAID. Physical examination showed distention on left iliac region. Colonoscopy many ulcus from rectum towards descendent colon. diagnosis ulcerative collitis were made. was...

Current technology in robotic surgery allows us to perform myocardial revascularization procedures in a totally endoscopic fashion. We will describe the technique of choice for left internal mammary artery to left anterior descendent artery anastomosis with the use of cardiopulmonary bypass machine. The method is efficient and there is long term follow-up showing similar patency of the graft wh...

A little-noted result of the confirmation of multiple premises of the RNA-world hypothesis is that we now know something about the dawn organisms that followed the origin of life, perhaps over 4 billion years ago. We are therefore in an improved position to reason about the biota just before RNA times, during the era of the first replicators, the first Darwinian creatures on Earth. An RNA conge...

OBJECTIVE To describe the clinical features of extrapulmonary tuberculosis (EXPTB) and to evaluate epidemiological data to search for potential explanations for its high frequency in the state of Aguascalientes, Mexico. MATERIALS AND METHODS Clinical records of all patients with tuberculosis seen in Aguascalientes in 2008 were reviewed, and official databases were analyzed. RESULTS EXPTB co...