In this paper the problems in deontic logic around contrary to duty obligations are used to conduct a study in basic normative ontology. Three causes of the problems around contrary to duty obligations are identified, that is 1) the attempt to analyze obligations in terms of what is ideally the case, 2) the application of deontic inheritance to the presuppositions of obligations, and 3) the fai...

This paper presents an artificial market model to clarify the definition of the contrary opinion phenomena. Our research target is to show the contrary opinion, which is based on market participants’ experiences, statistically. At first, we constructed a more realistic artificial market model and simulated it. Second, we selected ‘highly corresponded forecasts’ among the fitted sample paths. Th...