People categorize objects more slowly when visual input is highly impoverished instead of optimal. While bottom-up models may explain a decision with optimal input, perceptual hypothesis testing (PHT) theories implicate top-down processes with impoverished input. Brain mechanisms and the time course of PHT are largely unknown. This event-related potential study used a neuroimaging paradigm that...

This paper investigated the gender implications of involuntary resettlement at Karimenu II Dam. The study employed Impoverishment, Risks, and Reconstruction (IRR) model developed in late 1990s by World Bank coined Michael Cernea (2002). It provides a conceptual tool for identifying inherent risks that may cause impoverishment through displacement resettlement. He identified 8 Involuntary Resett...

Abstract The question of forest status in the Middle Volga region under anthropogenic load is considered. Forest stand vulnerability to fires depends on many factors: age, vitality, exogenous environmental factors. renewal communities characterized by a change and impoverishment phytocenoses.

Under the combined effect of natural and social factors, in particular climate change, land disputes impoverishment populations, we are witnessing a proliferation gold panning sites most villages central northern Côte d’Ivoire. For some, is palliative for lack agricultural would reduce conflicts. others, this practice be factor quick enrichment, less painful than agriculture. Unfortunately, not...

BACKGROUND Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are becoming a major source of the national disease burden in Myanmar with potentially serious economic implications. METHODS Using data on 5484 households from the World Health Survey (WHS), this study assessed the household-level economic burden of two chronic conditions, angina and asthma, in Myanmar. Propensity score matching (PSM) and coarsened...

Using data from 60 round of the National Sample Survey, this study attempts to measure the incidence and intensity of “catastrophic” maternal health care expenditure and examines its socio-economic correlates in urban and rural areas separately. Additionally, it measures the effect of maternal health care expenditure on poverty incidence and examines the factors associated with such impoverishm...

BACKGROUND Increasing attention is being paid to the affordability of medicines in low- and middle-income countries (LICs and MICs) where medicines are often highly priced in relation to income levels. The impoverishing effect of medicine purchases can be estimated by determining pre- and postpayment incomes, which are then compared to a poverty line. Here we estimate the impoverishing effects ...

Based on the factor graph framework, we derived a Modified Nonparametric Message Passing Algorithm (MNMPA) for soft iterative channel estimation in a Low Density Parity-Check (LDPC) coded Bit-Interleaved Coded Modulation (BICM) system. The algorithm combines ideas from Particle Filtering (PF) with popular factor graph techniques. A Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) move step is added after typica...