We combine total internal reflection fluorescence structured illumination microscopy with spatiotemporal image correlation spectroscopy to quantify the flow velocities and directionality of filamentous-actin at the T cell immunological synapse. These techniques demonstrate it is possible to image retrograde flow of filamentous-actin at superresolution and provide flow quantification in the form...

The immunological synapse is a highly structured and molecularly dynamic interface between communicating immune cells. Although the immunological synapse promotes T cell activation by dendritic cells, the specific organization of the immunological synapse on the dendritic cell side in response to T cell engagement is largely unknown. In this study, confocal and electron microscopy techniques we...

The immunological synapse has been an area of very active scientific interest over the last decade. Surprisingly, much about the synapse remains unknown or is controversial. Here we review some of these current issues in the field: how the synapse is defined, its potential role in T-cell function, and our current understanding about how the synapse is formed.

The aim of this work was to present selected data regarding traditional and modern methods for C. botulinum and its toxins detection. In this article, methods based on culturing techniques, mouse bioassay, immunological techniques, chromatography and PCR, PFGE, RFLP, AFLP are described. The mentioned techniques were evaluated considering their usefulness in the samples examination, genotyping o...

The study was conducted on 444 patients suffering from skin lesions of different ages and genders that were diagnosed by dermatologists as cutaneous leishmaniasis for people reviewing throughout the days week department epidemiology transitional diseases who attended to hospitals in city Baghdad, namely (Al-Shaheed Dari Al Fayyad Teaching Hospital , Al-Shaheed Sadr Al-Numan Hospital, Al-Karama ...

The interaction of T cells with antigen-presenting cells results in the formation of a contact face, termed the immunological synapse. The prototypical dynamics of this process are well established and involve cessation of crawling, a highly fluid 'immature' synapse phase during which signaling is initiated, and ultimately the formation of a 'mature' synapse characterized by centralized and per...

background: it is important to understand the efficacy of immunoregulatory materials, herbal remedies or probiotics, in different parts of immune system following vaccination with different tropism. objectives: aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of echinacea purpurea and a probiotic (protexin) on systemic and mucosal immune response in turkey. methods: a total of 288 1-day-old male tu...

Cell cultures derived from foetal bovine ligamentum nuchae accumulate extracellular fibrils morphologically identical with elastic-tissue microfibrils. Two glycoproteins synthesized by the ligament cells are closely related to the matrix microfibrils as assessed by immunological and chemical extraction techniques.