The immunological synapse in vertebrates describes a specialized junction between a T cell and a target cell, enabling execution of immune responses through focal secretion. Recent insights in the plant immune system suggest that plant cells assemble a pathogen-inducible machinery at the cell surface that shares several features with the immunological synapse. Apparent mechanistic commonalities...

Cardiac Allograft Vasculopathy (CAV) is a serious complication after heart transplantation in adults as well as children and once developed irreversibly compromises the outcome of the recipients. Human leukocyte antigen mismatches, number and duration of rejection episodes, type of immunosuppression and presence of antibody -mediated rejection are among the most relevant immunological risk fact...

INTRODUCTION Kidney transplantation is the treatment of choice for patients with end-stage renal disease. Despite great progress in surgical aspects and immunosupression therapy, long-term graft survival has not been consistent. Chronic allograft dysfunction (CAD) remains a major cause of late grafts failure. REVIEW CAD is a generic term of all causes of chronic renal allograft dysfunction as...

The interaction of T cells with antigen-presenting cells results in the formation of a contact face, termed the immunological synapse. The prototypical dynamics of this process are well established and involve cessation of crawling, a highly fluid 'immature' synapse phase during which signaling is initiated, and ultimately the formation of a 'mature' synapse characterized by centralized and per...

background: it is important to understand the efficacy of immunoregulatory materials, herbal remedies or probiotics, in different parts of immune system following vaccination with different tropism. objectives: aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of echinacea purpurea and a probiotic (protexin) on systemic and mucosal immune response in turkey. methods: a total of 288 1-day-old male tu...

background: allergic rhinitis (ar) is an allergic disorder of the nasal tissue that underlies diseases such as sinusitis, otits and asthma. different predisposing factors including immunological and non-immunological factors contribute to the disease pathogenesis. objective: to investigate association of haptoglobin (hp) phenotypes (hp1-1, 2-1 and 2-2) with serum immunoglobulins a and e levels ...