We studied five lower forest–grassland ecotones in the Darhad Valley in northern Mongolia and investigated the effects of 20th Century grazing regimes and changes in grazing management on ecotone dynamics at a local scale. A total of 2968 Siberian larch (Larix sibirica) trees were cored and tree-age distribution was constructed to determine 20th Century tree establishment. Tree age and location...

Using Ephestia kuehniella larvae as hosts, invert emulsion (IE) and an aqueous suspension (AS) of Beauveria bassiana (isolate IR34-JS2) and Metarhizium anisopliae (isolate IR41-TT1) formulations were compared when stored for three months at either 3 °C or 25 °C. Initially, IE formulations of isolates JS2 and TT1 were 13- and 14-fold more virulent than AS formulations, based on their LC50 values...

Livestock grazing can be used as a key management tool for maintaining healthy ecosystems. However, the effectiveness of using grazing to modify habitat for species of conservation concern depends on how the grazing regime is implemented. Timing of grazing is one grazing regime component that is less understood than grazing intensity and grazer identity, but is predicted to have important impli...

Comparisons of stocking rates across sites can be facilitated by calculating grazing pressure. We used peak standing crop and stocking rates from six studies in the North American Great Plains (Cheyenne, Wyoming; Cottonwood, South Dakota; Hays, Kansas; Nunn, Colorado; Streeter, North Dakota; and Woodward, Oklahoma) to calculate a grazing pressure index and develop relationships for harvest effi...

water quality is a serious issue in tropical grasslands that must be addressed to ensure the continuity and sustainability of water resources. this study aimed to assess the stream water quality of tropical grassland under long-term moderate (2.7 animal unit ha-1 y-1 for 34 years) and short-term heavy (5 animal unit ha-1 y-1 for 2 years) grazing systems at catchment and farm scales in kuala lum...

Shear coaxial injectors are a common injector type for liquid-rocket-propulsion applications and can be found in many oxygen/hydrogen engines. These injectors rely on the shear between an outer lower-density, high-velocity annulus and a higher-density, low-velocity inner jet to atomize and mix the propellants. Because of the dense-jet core, the optical densities of these sprays are high, partic...

Intense herbivory can alter habitat characteristics, and grazing on reproductive structures can reduce plant fitness and long-term population stability. Herbivory on seagrasses is often limited to epiphytes; however, direct grazing has been observed recently in several systems. In San Francisco Bay, California, we documented extensive damage to leaves and especially inflorescences of eelgrass Z...

investigation of the grazing behavior of grazing animals on the rangeland is one of the basic necessities of grazing management in different climatic regions. the current study with the aim of exploring the grazing behavior of makuyi sheep breed was conducted in the mountainous rangelands of kelid daghi of jolfa as representative rangelands for makuyi sheep breed dispersion in east azerbayjan p...