•There are a confusing array of frameworks used for pursuing integrated ocean management•We propose model classifying across three categories integration•Frameworks should aim normative, applied, and empirical (NAE) integration•Classifying by NAE supports more comprehensive approach to integration Modern governance aims create sustainable, equitable, inclusive managing our oceans. A range have ...

Development of overall strategies for observations of the Earth system has received considerable attention in recent years. Most attention has been paid to space-based observations but of comparable importance is the wide variety of in situ observations made at the surface of the Earth and in its atmosphere and oceans. The in situ data are essential for the success of global observations and th...