The microphysical characteristics, radiative impact, and life cycle of a long-lived, surface-based mixedlayer, mixed-phase cloud with an average temperature of approximately 20°C are presented and discussed. The cloud was observed during the Surface Heat Budget of the Arctic experiment (SHEBA) from 1 to 10 May 1998. Vertically resolved properties of the liquid and ice phases are retrieved using...

The minimum of Arctic sea ice extent in the summer of 2007 was unprecedented in the historical record. A coupled ice–ocean model is used to determine the state of the ice and ocean over the past 29 yr to investigate the causes of this ice extent minimum within a historical perspective. It is found that even though the 2007 ice extent was strongly anomalous, the loss in total ice mass was not. R...

[1] The extent and thickness of the Arctic sea ice cover has decreased dramatically in the past few decades with minima in sea ice extent in September 2007 and 2011 and climate models did not predict this decline. One of the processes poorly represented in sea ice models is the formation and evolution of melt ponds. Melt ponds form on Arctic sea ice during the melting season and their presence ...

BACKGROUND There are limited data on the incidence of concussion and concussion symptom nondisclosure among collegiate women's ice hockey athletes. PURPOSE To determine the incidence of sports-related concussion (SRC) in National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) women's ice hockey athletes. STUDY DESIGN Descriptive epidemiology study. METHODS An anonymous online survey was completed...

Rapid decline in Arctic sea ice cover in the 21st century may have wide-reaching effects on the Arctic climate system, including the Greenland ice sheet mass balance. Here, we investigate whether local changes in sea ice around the Greenland ice sheet have had an impact on Greenland surface melt. Specifically, we investigate the relationship between sea ice concentration, the timing of melt ons...

Introduction: On July 4, 2005, NASA’s Deep Impact mission successfully executed an impact experiment on the surface of the comet 9P/Tempel 1 [1]. The fly-by spacecraft included two visible color imagers (mediumand high-resolution; MRI and HRI) and a near-infrared (IR) spectrometer [2]. The nucleus was observed prior to impact and the ejecta were monitored for 15 mins. after impact and then late...

Dry-ice particle blasting is similar to sand blasting, plastic bead blasting, or soda blasting where a media is accelerated in a pressurized air stream (or other inert gas) to impact the surface to be cleaned or prepared. With dry-ice blasting, the media that impacts the surface is solid carbon dioxide (CO2) particles. One unique aspect of using dry-ice particles as a blast media is that the pa...

A study on effective thermal conductivity (ETC) of natural ice in a reservoir with <3% gas content and 300 mgL dissolved matter content in the parent water was conducted in a laboratory. Ice sections were prepared to obtain the ice crystal structure, gas bubble content and ice density. Profiles of horizontal and vertical thermal conductivity of ice samples were determined with attention to rela...

Changes to the dynamics of the Greenland ice sheet can be forced by various mechanisms including surface-melt-induced ice acceleration and oceanic forcing of marine-terminating glaciers. We use observations of ice motion to examine the surface melt-induced dynamic response of a land-terminating outlet glacier in southwest Greenland to the exceptional melting observed in 2012. During summer, mel...

[1] There is an ongoing shift in the Arctic sea ice cover from multiyear ice to seasonal ice. Here we examine the impact of this shift on sea ice albedo. Our analysis of observations from four years of field experiments indicates that seasonal ice undergoes an albedo evolution with seven phases; cold snow, melting snow, pond formation, pond drainage, pond evolution, open water, and freezeup. On...