Background: During spermatogenesis the sperm nucleus exchange histones against cystein rich protamines, which stabilize the sperm chromatin and protects the DNA against damages. At ejaculation the age of the patient, handling routines, processing of the semen sample and the storage of the final sperm suspension might damage the DNA. Sperm chromatin stability and DNA damages are evaluated with d...

The Plan 9 window system, 81⁄2, is a modest-sized program of novel design. It provides textual I/O and bitmap graphic services to both local and remote client programs by offering a multiplexed file service to those clients. It serves traditional UNIX files like /dev/tty as well as more unusual ones that provide access to the mouse and the raw screen. Bit­ map graphics operations are provided b...

This paper investigates how the Michigan school finance reform affected educational performance in that state. In 1994, somewhat unexpectedly and without the prodding of any courts, Michigan radically altered its school financing system. The new plan, Proposal A, significantly increased state aid to the poorer districts and limited future increases in spending in the richest ones. In the proces...