For example, if for some input x of length len(x) = n, an algorithm requires 2 computational steps, then for an input of a reasonable length n ≈ 300, we would need 2 computational steps. Even if we use a hypothetical computer for which each step takes the smallest physically possible time (the time during which light passes through the smallest known elementary particle), we would still need mo...

Our goal is to study the effects of the UV radiation from the first stars, quasars and hypothetical Super Heavy Dark Matter (SHDM) particle decays on the formation of primordial bound objects in the Universe. We trace the evolution of a spherically symmetric density perturbation in the Lambda Cold Dark Matter and MOND model, solving the frequency-dependent radiative transfer equation, non-equil...

Majorana fermion is a hypothetical particle that is its own antiparticle. We report transport measurements that suggest the existence of one-dimensional chiral Majorana fermion modes in the hybrid system of a quantum anomalous Hall insulator thin film coupled with a superconductor. As the external magnetic field is swept, half-integer quantized conductance plateaus are observed at the locations...

A bstract light leptophilic boson (scalar or pseudoscalar) has been postulated to explain the muon g-2 anomaly and could be a portal dark matter. Realizing nature of singlet in framework two-Higgs-doublet-Model type-X, we identify parameter space viable for explanation updated discrepancy. It is then shown that such hypothetical particle will unambiguously ruled out discovered via Yukawa proces...

This work extracts, by means of an exact analysis, the singular behavior dynamical response functions—the Fourier transforms two-point functions—in vicinity various excitation thresholds in massless regime XXZ spin-1/2 chain. The analysis yields edge exponents and associated amplitudes that describe local function near a threshold. is derived starting from first principles considerations: metho...

We present an extension of Horn-clause logic which can hypothetically add and delete tuples from a database. Such logics have been discussed in the literature , but their complexities and expressibilities have remained an open question. This paper examines two such logics in the function-free, predicate case. It is shown, in particular, that augmenting Horn-clause logic with hypothetical additi...

In antiquity we encounter a distinction of two types of hypothetical syllogisms. One type are the 'mixed hypothetical syllogisms'. The other type is the one to which the present paper is devoted. These arguments went by the name of 'wholly hypothetical syllogisms'. They were thought to make up a self-contained system of valid arguments. Their paradigm case consists of two conditionals as premis...

A common analogy for describing newly diagnosed prostate cancer patients is to think of turtles, rabbits, and birds. This is an analogy that prostate cancer appears to be attributable to Hinman, who borrowed from Crile when applied to breast cancer (1). Turtles are patients with very slow growing disease. Their disease grows so slowly that they need not be diagnosed, for the disease will never ...

Story understanding is a central competence that illuminates all other aspects of human intelligence. In this work, I demonstrate how our story understanding ability sheds light on our ability to think in terms of hypothetical situations. Using the Genesis story understanding system as a substrate, I develop a story-enabled hypothetical reasoning system that models several high-level human abil...