We introduce index systems, a tool for studying isolated invariant sets of dynamical systems that are not necessarily hyperbolic. The mapping of the index systems mimics the expansion and contraction of hyperbolic maps on the tangent space, and they may be used like Markov partitions to generate symbolic dynamics. Every continuous dynamical system satisfying a weak form of expansiveness possess...

In this paper we prove the persistence of hyperbolic invariant tori in generalized Hamiltonian systems, which may admit a distinct number of action and angle variables. The systems under consideration can be odd dimensional in tangent direction. Our results generalize the well-known results of Graff and Zehnder in standard Hamiltonians. In our case the unperturbed Hamiltonian systems may be deg...

Working with well chosen Riemannian metrics and employing Nevanlinna’s theory, we make the thermodynamical formalism work for a wide class of hyperbolic meromorphic functions of finite order (including in particular exponential family, elliptic functions, cosine, tangent and the cosine–root family and also compositions of these functions with arbitrary polynomials). In particular, the existence...

In this paper, we revise two commonly used saturated functions, the logistic sigmoid and the hyperbolic tangent (tanh). We point out that, besides the well-known non-zero centered property, slope of the activation function near the origin is another possible reason making training deep networks with the logistic function difficult to train. We demonstrate that, with proper rescaling, the logist...

In this paper, we introduce two approaches to compute the matrix hyperbolic tangent. While one of them is based on its own definition and uses exponential, other focused expansion Taylor series. For second approximation, analyse different alternatives evaluate corresponding polynomials. This resulted in three stable accurate codes, which implemented MATLAB numerically computationally compared b...