From the records obtained during the Weather Bureau Artificial Cloud Nucleation Project carried out in western Washington State during the winters of 1952-53 and 1953-54, i t is possible to study the nature of some of the precipitation processes evident in that locality, and to form a preliminary generalized picture of certain types of cloud systems involved. Evidence is presented of natural se...

The frictional dissipation in the shear zone surrounding falling hydrometeors is estimated to be 2–4 W m22 in the Tropics. A numerical model of radiative–convective equilibrium with resolved three-dimensional moist convection confirms this estimate and shows that the precipitation-related dissipation is much larger than the dissipation associated with the turbulent energy cascade from the conve...

In late April 2006, NASA launched Cloudsat, an earth-observing satellite that uses a near-nadir-pointing millimeter-wavelength radar to probe the vertical structure of clouds and precipitation. The first step in using Cloudsat measurements is to distinguish clouds and other hydrometeors from radar noise. In this article the operational Cloudsat hydrometeor detection algorithm is described, diff...

Wireless transmissions at more than 10GHz can experience signal fading caused by the presence of hydrometeor particles in atmosphere. Among these hydrometeors, rain is largest contributor to mechanism. Rain fade be predicted or calculated using rate measurements. With climate change affecting world due rise carbon dioxide air, it expected affect distribution rainfall, which ultimately affects f...

The first results of the physical modeling positive multistrike lightning formation processes using positively charged artificial thunderstorm cells are presented. Experimental studies have shown a significant influence number and groups model hydrometeors introduced into them on probability initiation repeated strikes. It was found that with an increased hydrometeors, discharges increases seve...

The scattering of electromagnetic energy by hydrometeors forms the basis of radar meteorology. Knowledge of hydrometeor types can be very important in particular applications. The occurrence of mixed-phase conditions, especially the melting of snow and ice, impacts on the accuracy of radar-based precipitation estimation and the discrimination of rain and hail is often very important in severe w...

A method is presented by which combined S-band polarimetric weather radar and UHF wind profiler observations of precipitation can be used to extract the properties of liquid phase hydrometeors and the vertical velocity of the air through which they are falling. Doppler spectra, which contain the air motion and/or fall speed of hydrometeors, are estimated using the vertically pointing wind profi...

Black carbon (BC) aerosol deposited in and onto Arctic snow increases the snow's absorption of solar radiation accelerates snowmelt. Concentrations BC atmosphere are controlled by wet deposition; however, details this process poorly understood owing to scarcity time-resolved measurements hydrometeors. We measured mass concentrations hydrometeors (CMBC) air (MBC) with 16% 15% accuracies, respect...