Apps et al. (Reports, 5 April 2013, p. 87) found that high human leukocyte antigen C (HLA-C) expression favors HIV-1 control. However, as noted here, HLA-C was assessed with a monoclonal antibody (DT9) that cross-reacts with HLA-E. In the context of the available evidence, this is consistent with the idea that the two leukocyte antigens collaborate to keep the HIV-1 virus at bay.

Sixty individuals were typed for D-related human leukocyte antigens (HLA-DR) using two methods: the standard eosin exclusion method and a recently described one-color ethidium bromide technique. As a result, 88 of the 90 DR antigens detected by the standard technique were also detected by one-color fluorescence (sensitivity = 97.8 percent). However, of the 99 DR antigens identified by ethidium ...

BACKGROUND Alloantibodies to the Bw4 epitope are known to be heterogeneous, but it is widely assumed that anti-Bw4 alloantibodies arise only in individuals who do not express a Bw4 epitope. METHODS Bw4 expression was confirmed by DNA sequence analysis. Anti-Bw4 reactivity was confirmed by absorption with transfected cells. RESULTS A Bw4 (B*27:05 or B*27:13) patient expressed antibody that b...

Immunoprotective tumor antigens of experimental tumors are selectively extracted by 1-butanol. Human organ-specific cancer neoantigens (OSNs) are tumor substances in cancer extracts to which patients with cancer of the same organ respond in the in vitro assay of leukocyte adherence inhibition. Here we determined whether OSNs as measured by leukocyte adherence inhibition assay are also selective...

T-cell immunotherapy that targets minor histocompatibility (H) antigens presented selectively by recipient hematopoietic cells, including leukemia, could prevent and treat leukemic relapse after hematopoietic cell transplantation without causing graft-versus-host disease. To provide immunotherapy that can be applied to a majority of transplantation recipients, it is necessary to identify leukem...

This study was aimed to evaluate the influence of Human Leukocyte Antigens- G (HLA-G) gene polymorphisms on risk rheumatoid arthritis (RA). In present study, blood samples were collected from 100 patients and healthy controls. Serum levels HLA-G in both controls measured using ELISA kit which shown a higher significant differences (p< 0.05) comparison between them (539.3 ng/ml 139.3ng/ml) re...

The primary amino acid sequence of the hepatitis B virus (HBV) proteome was searched for identity spots in the human proteome by using the Protein Information Resource database. We find that the HBV polyprotein shares sixty-five heptapeptides, one octapeptide, and one nonapeptide with the human proteins. The viral matches are disseminated among fundamental human proteins such as adhesion molecu...

All vertebrates, from jawless fish to mammals, possess adaptive immune systems that can detect and inactivate non-self-antigens through a vast repertoire of antigen receptors. Unlike jawed vertebrates, the hagfish utilizes variable lymphocyte receptors (VLRs) that are unrelated to immunoglobulin molecules but are diversified by copy-choice gene conversion mechanism. Here, we report that hagfish...

The three-dimensional (3D) structures of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) molecules are indispensable for the studies on the functions at molecular level. We have developed a homology modeling system named HLA-modeler specialized in the HLA molecules. Segment matching algorithm is employed for modeling and the optimization of the model is carried out by use of the PFROSST force field considering t...