. cross-cultural understanding dates back to the discovery of the third world, its peoples, and its religions. along this, the place of studying other peoples came in view. demography and orientalism were two disciplines which first aimed at studying other peoples regardless of their beliefs. after some thirty years, emphasis was laid on their beliefs, too. today after disproof of the anticipat...

religion, as one of the most effective elements of culture and civilization, has had a tangible presence in all human societies from the ancient times up to the present. it has been tried, in this study, to look over iranians’ religious beliefs from the point of arabic sources view. the results show that the religious beliefs, especially in the field of politics, had an important role in ancien...

Human social interactions crucially depend on the ability to represent other agents' beliefs even when these contradict our own beliefs, leading to the potentially complex problem of simultaneously holding two conflicting representations in mind. Here, we show that adults and 7-month-olds automatically encode others' beliefs, and that, surprisingly, others' beliefs have similar effects as the p...

studying human free will and option in both theoretical and practical aspects of human life has always been of vital importance. the reason why lies in the relation between one`s religious beliefs and practical life. with regard to the effect of free will as the base of human action, knowing the meaning and its essential agents has been necessary.  although most experts and scholars have been a...

traditional social science often fails when deployed to explain complex human action. in each specific social field of human endeavour, including planning, experienced actors draw on a range of conscious and unconscious performative knowledges to act with effect: the experts simply ‘know’ what to do. some thinkers, suggests that to understand these complex human dispositions framing practice re...