Prey have evolved myriad strategies to escape predation. Ground squirrels tailor their defensive signals to the predator at hand and use infrared warning signals in response to heat-sensitive rattlesnakes.

In this paper, we propose a characteristic function of the maxmax defensive-equilibrium representation that maps every TU-game with strategies to TU-game. This is given by two-step procedure in which each any two complementary coalitions successively selects equilibrium way maximizes its utility. We then investigate properties and present relations cores under three functions. Finally, as appli...

Interviews with 1st-year university students selected as high or low in either self-handicapping or defensive pessimism identified (a) personal perspectives on the nature of self-handicapping and defensive pessimism, (b) the perceived reasons why they engage in these strategies and the perceived advantages that follow from them, and (c) the extent to which ego goals and task goals mark their ap...

Three studies show that different forms of self-activation have differential influences on the processing of social comparison information. Activating neutral self-conceptions results in defensive processing of threatening social comparison information (Study 1). Participants maintain favorable self-evaluations in the face of upward comparison and rate the upward target of comparison negatively...

and the glandular structures are absent in the trochophore larvae. Our results suggest that C. granulosa synthesizes granuloside de novo in early stages of its ontogeny, instead of obtaining it from the prey. Considering the wide geographic area inhabited by this slug, this may be advantageous, because natural products produced by the slug will not be affected by fluctuant food availability. Ov...

We propose a Bayesian Stackelberg game capable of analyzing the joint effects of both attacker intent and capabilities on optimal defensive strategies. The novel feature of our model is the use of contest success functions from economics to capture the extent to which the success of an attack is attributable to the adversary's capability (as well as the level of defensive investment), rather th...

This expository article reviews the game-theoretic framework for probability and the method of defensive forecasting that derives from it. The game-theoretic framework, introduced by Vladimir Vovk and myself in Probability and Finance: It’s Only a Game! (Wiley 2001 [51]), can replace measure theory as a mathematical framework for classical probability theory, discrete and continuous. Classical ...