The lateral amygdaloid (LA) nucleus is the main input station of the amygdala for sensory afferents. However, it is unclear how the lateral nucleus transforms these inputs, because its intrinsic connectivity is poorly understood. Here, we took advantage of the fact that glutamatergic neurons of the lateral nucleus send a primarily unidirectional projection to the basomedial nucleus. Consequentl...

Exploring and analyzing oceanographic sonar data is a difficult task due to the extreme ratios in the dimensions of the data. While sonar data may consist of many hundreds of thousands of sonar pings coving hundreds of kilometres, the ocean depth of the data is at a much lower resolution. As a result, visual representations of the sonar data (echograms) are normally shown as long and narrow rib...

Understanding how neuromodulators influence synaptic transmission and intrinsic excitability within the entorhinal cortex (EC) is critical to furthering our understanding of the molecular and cellular aspects of this region. Organotypic cultures can provide a cost-effective means to employ selective molecular biological strategies in elucidating cellular mechanisms of neuromodulation in the EC....

Energy homeostasis is controlled to a large extent by various signals that are integrated in the hypothalamus. It is generally considered that neurons in each of the hypothalamic nuclei are regulated by afferent projections that terminate within the cell body region of the nucleus. However, here it is shown that hypothalamic proopiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons receive synaptic inputs onto distal...

organotypic spinal cord slices from neonatal mammals could be a powerful model for evaluation of cell survival but also cell death mechanisms. the aim of this study was to establish an in vitro model for investigating cell survival and mechanism involved in cell death in neonatal spinal cord slices. the spinal cord was sliced and incubated into culture medium. the mtt assay was carried out to a...

High-resolution observations of horizontal motions in the penumbra are needed to complement concept penumbrae obtained from spectropolarimetry. Time series intensity images a large sunspot AR 10634 acquired with Swedish Solar Telescope G band and red continuum analysed. The two simultaneous time last six hours five minutes. Horizontal penumbral grains (PGs), structures dark bodies filaments, ou...