The world is three-dimensional; hence, even surface-bound animals need to learn vertical spatial information. Separate encoding of vertical and horizontal spatial information seems to be the common strategy regardless of the locomotory style of animals. However, a difference seems to exist in the way freely moving species, such as fish, learn and integrate spatial information as opposed to surf...

PURPOSE To evaluate and compare the observers' ability to measure simulations of cup/disc ratios (CDR) as concentric and non-concentric circles. METHODS In a prospective, random, and masked setting, 43 images representing the CDR spectrum from 0.2 to 0.9 for vertical and horizontal CDR measurements were developed and presented on a computer screen to 171 participants. RESULTS There were sat...

statement of problem: among periodontal defects, the furcation involvement represents one of the most chalenging scenarios due to the difficulty of achieving a predictable improvement regardless of the type of periodontal therapy. moreover, the presence of furcation involvement has been demonstrated to considerably affect tooth prognosis. thus, treatment of furcation defects is a challenge in c...

Although not currently a widely accepted notion, evidence suggests an anisotropy between horizontal and vertical orientations in visual processing. While there is evidence of an early neurological bias due to a greater number of cortical neurons tuned to the horizontal orientation, recent behavioral evidence suggests a “horizontal effect”, where performance for broadband horizontal stimuli is w...

based on the standards for design of structures, any structure should be designated for seismic loads and any combinations containing seismic loads. for spectral analysis of a structure, the site effect is taken into account by considering its effects on the design spectra. because of different lateral and vertical stiffness of the soil layers underneath the structure, the design spectra are di...