INTRODUCTION Pulmonary function is compromised in most smokers. Yet it is unknown whether exercise training improves pulmonary function and aerobic capacity in cigarette and hookah smokers and whether these smokers respond in a similar way as do non-smokers. AIM To evaluate the effects of an interval exercise training program on pulmonary function and aerobic capacity in cigarette and hookah ...

Abstract Background The use of the hookah-smoking device is increasing at a large scale in Eastern Mediterranean region. Hookah users are exposed to an array chemical compounds and may suffer several chronic diseases as result. purpose this study was determine prevalence hookah among male high school students region different associated factors order provide local tobacco control officials with...

BACKGROUND Despite significant declines in youth cigarette smoking, overall tobacco usage remains over 20% as non-cigarette tobacco product usage is increasingly common and polytobacco use (using 1+ tobacco product) remains steady. OBJECTIVES The present study was designed to identify patterns of youth tobacco use and examine associations with sociodemographic characteristics and tobacco depe...

BACKGROUND Substance abuse is one of the main health problems in Iran andawareness about its spread and procedure of spread in the society,particularly the susceptible society of students, is very important withregard to the population pyramid of Iran. METHODS This study was performed by cross-sectional method. The sampling sizewas 610 male students in pre-university grade by a probabilistic ...

Abstract Background Electronic (e-) hookah–a new category of vaping devices–has increased in use among young adults recent years. E-hookahs utilize the placement e-bowls on traditional water pipes, allowing flavored aerosol to pass through a water-filled base before being inhaled. Though advertised as safe tobacco alternative, e-hookahs deliver nicotine by creating an fine particles and other f...

Purpose: Hazard of smoking tobacco is believed to be minimized by smoking hubble-bubble (HB) instead of cigarettes. Our aims were to evaluate and compare the effect of smoking on antioxidant status, lipid profile and cardiopulmonary quality in cigarette and HB smokers. Methods: 68 male sedentary smokers and nonsmokers having a good health participated in this study. We consider cigarette smoker...

hookah smoking is growing in popularity especially among women but little is known about the determinants influencing on hookah smoking initiation. in order to address this emerging health risk, a qualitative study was conducted to explore the factors that contribute in the first hookah smoking trial by women.this qualitative study was conducted during 2012 to 2013 in tehran, iran. participants...