nosemosis is the most common disease in adult bees. nosema apis and nosema ceranae species are agents of important economic losses to beekeepers around the world. the severity of disease at various area is different. previously, n. apis was observed in areas with a long winter, especially in late winter and early spring. but in recent years, disease has been reported in the warm seasons. the st...

Several components of honeybee venom are known to cause allergenic responses in humans and other vertebrates. One such component, the minor allergen Api m 6, has been known to show amino acid variation but the genetic mechanism for this variation is unknown. Here we show that Api m 6 is derived from a single locus, and that substantial protein-level variation has a simple genome-level cause, wi...

Bumblebee venom allergies, though uncommon among the broad public, pose a significant risk in plant industry and scientific occupation. Since a significant IgE cross-reactivity between bumblebee and honeybee venom has been described in several cases and bumblebee venom for immunotherapy has been available only from a few suppliers, SIT with honeybee venom was frequently used for bumblebee venom...

..................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION ................................................................................. 3 1.1 UNDERSTANDING THE BIOLOGICAL RELEVANCE OF BRAIN-BEHAVIOURAL ASYMMETRIES .........................................................................

Gut microbiomes play crucial roles in animal health, and shifts in the gut microbial community structure can have detrimental impacts on hosts. Studies with vertebrate models and human subjects suggest that antibiotic treatments greatly perturb the native gut community, thereby facilitating proliferation of pathogens. In fact, persistent infections following antibiotic treatment are a major med...

Elevated winter losses of managed honeybee colonies are a major concern, but the underlying mechanisms remain controversial. Among the suspects are the parasitic mite Varroa destructor, the microsporidian Nosema ceranae, and associated viruses. Here we hypothesize that pathogens reduce the life expectancy of winter bees, thereby constituting a proximate mechanism for colony losses. A monitoring...

The honeybee, Apis mellifera L., is a social insect and they show wide variety of exquisite social behaviors to maintain colony activity. To enable the elucidation of those social behaviors at a molecular level and gene function in the nervous system, we developed an in vivo method to perform gene transfer in the adult brain of living honeybee by electroporation. When green fluorescent protein-...

buildings play an important role in the energy demand sector. due to the increase of environmentalconcerns and renewable energy sources restriction, lighting control systems will play an important role in the reductionof energy consumption of the lighting without impeding comfort goals. lighting control systems can control lightingconsumption according to the type of building, adequate luminanc...