One of the factors determining the toxicity of chlorpyrifos (CPS), an organophosphorus (OP) insecticide, is its biotransformation. CPS can be activated by cytochrome P450 (CYP) through a desulfuration reaction to form chlorpyrifos-oxon (CPO), a potent anticholinesterase. CPS can also be detoxified by CYP through a dearylation reaction. Using pooled human liver microsomes (HLM), a K(m(app)) of 3...

Flavin-containing monooxygenases (FMO) are metabolic enzymes mediating the oxygenation of nucleophilic atoms such as nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, and selenium. These enzymes share similar properties to the cytochrome P450 system but can be differentiated through heat inactivation and selective substrate inhibition by methimazole. This study investigated 10 compounds with varying degrees of FMO...

We propose a new approach for mixture modeling based only upon pairwise distances via the concept of hypothetical local mapping (HLM). This work is motivated by increasingly commonplace applications involving complex objects that cannot be effectively represented by tractable mathematical entities. The new modeling approach consists of two steps. A distance-based clustering algorithm is applied...

Eight inhibitory monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) individually specific to human cytochrome P-450 (P-450) 1A1, 1A2, 2A6, 2B6, 2C subfamily (2C8, 2C9, 2C18 and 2C19), 2D6, 2E1, and 3A4/5 were used to define the role of single P-450s in the metabolism of diazepam (DZ), 7-ethoxycoumarin (7-EC), and imipramine (IMI) in human liver microsomes (HLM). The MAbs were added combinatorially to six HLM samples...

In spite of the criticism for lack of validity, researchers still use single-subject designs to evaluate school counseling when working with individual students, autism treatment and many other individualized therapeutics interventions. The accumulation of many studies on one area of research creates the need for comparing the efficacy of the findings from these studies. Researchers developed s...

Abstract Background The multiorgan involvement of heart failure is similar to the spread observed in cancer. We proposed a new score, named HLM, analogous TNM classification used oncology. HLM refers (i) H: damage, instead “T” for tumor; (ii) L: lung involvement, “N” lymph nodes; (iii) M: systemic “M” metastasis. Objectives compare score NYHA class, ACC/AHA stages and left ventricular ejection ...

Housing data are of a nested nature as houses are nested in a village, a town, or a county. This study thus applies HLM (hierarchical linear modelling) in an empirical study by adding neighborhood characteristic variables into the model for consideration. Using the housing data of 31 neighborhoods in the Taipei area as analysis samples and three HLM sub-models, this study discusses the impact o...

Hierarchical linear modeling (HLM) is introduced as a new tool for investigating decision making in commons dilemmas. University undergraduates (N = 171) managed a virtual fishery, with 2 computer-simulated fishers, over 60 seasons. Level 1 HLM analyses revealed that participants took significantly more fish during seasons when feedback suggested fish stocks, fish value, and fishing expenses we...