H ISTORY offers us a tool to avoid the condemnation George Santayana (1863–1952) envisioned for those who forget the past. In studying the history of anesthesia, and in particular the singular events that brought anesthesia into the consciousness of the world in Boston in 1845 and 1846, we find much to admire, but even more that we might hope not to repeat. The first public demonstrations of an...

We evaluate the ability of hexahistidine (His6) tags on peptide and protein substrates to recruit deoxyribozymes for modifying those substrates. For two different deoxyribozymes, one that creates tyrosine-RNA nucleopeptides and another that phosphorylates tyrosine side chains, we find substantial improvements in yield, kobs, and Km for peptide substrates due to recruiting by His6/Cu(2+). Howeve...

This book contains thirty-seven chapters, each a largely self-contained essay on some aspect of the quantitative method in biology and medicine. The first eight of these deal specifically with historical topics and include commentaries, for example, on Harvey's discovery of the circulation of the blood, Mendel's basic theories and experimental findings, immunity against smallpox, the prevention...

the verse on “the world of primal covenant (‘alam al-zarr)” is among difficult quranic verses whose difficulty can be discovered by consideration of different opinions, which are sometimes opposite to one another, presented by quranic commentators. having accepted the existence of “the world of primal covenant,” mulla sadra has interpreted and expounded that world in accordance with his philoso...

We present a molecular theory to study the adsorption of different species within pH-sensitive hydrogel nanofilms. The theoretical framework allows for a molecular-level description of all the components of the system, and it explicitly accounts for the acid-base equilibrium. We concentrate on the adsorption of hexahistidine, one of the most widely used tags in bio-related systems, particularly...