We examine why heterogenous communities may fail to provide public goods. Current work characterizes sanctioning free-riders as an under-supplied public good. We argue that often free-riders can be punished by the coordinated action of a group. This punishment can be profitable, and need not be undersupplied. But the power to expropriate defectors can also be used to expropriate outgroups. Hete...

In this paper we develop a new method for solving Dynamic Resource Allocation Problems (DRAP) that occur in the operation of freight transportation systems. Such problems involve the allocation of resources to perform tasks over a discrete-time, dynamic network. Our particular interest is in ultra-large scale problems, that involve managing thousands of resources (such as drivers or vehicles). ...

In recent years, alarm has been raised due to the presence of chemical contaminants emerging concern (CECs) in water. This is risks associated with their exposure, even small amounts. These complex compounds cannot be removed or degraded by existing technologies wastewater treatment plants. Therefore, advanced oxidation processes have studied, objective developing a technology capable complemen...

Assumptions of individual rationality and preference stability provide the foundation for a convenient and tractable modeling approach. While both of these assumptions have come under scrutiny in distinct literatures, the two lines of research remain disjointed. This study begins by explicitly linking the two literatures while providing insights into perhaps the central issue facing behavioral ...

Computers can be very helpful to us by performing tasks on our behalf. For example, they are very good at performing calculations, storing information and producing visualisations of objects that do not yet exist as a made artifact. Increasingly, however, a different role is being found for the computer. It is the role of a catalyst, or a stimulant, to our own creative thinking. In such cases t...

A simple and efficient synthesis of aryl and heteroaryl substituted pyrimidines has been developed via initial Knoevenagal, subsequent addition and final cyclization of aldehyde, ethylcyanoacetate and guanidine nitrate. Piperidine has been used as a catalyst. Short reaction time, environment friendly procedure and excellent yields are the advantages of this procedure. All synthesized compounds ...

Catalyst selectivity is associated with well-defined homogeneous active sites. Transition metal complexes and organocatalysts are highly active and selective in the homogeneous phase, and their heterogenization by incorporating them into inorganic solid materials allows combining their excellent catalytic activity with improved separation, recovering and recycling properties. In this article, w...

Depending on the design of the domestic pension system and the type of immigrants, voters will decide differently on immigration policy. In this paper, we investigate the voting outcome of three groups of heterogenous voters (skilled workers, unskilled workers, and retirees) under Beveridgian or Bismarckian pension systems which are either of the fixed contribution rate or the fixed replacement...

The structural transformation of metal-containing zeolite catalysts subjected to mechanical compression is often disregarded in the preparation catalysts. Herein, impact on catalytic active sites Pd/NaY responsible for indirect oxidative carbonylation methanol dimethyl carbonate (DMC) has been disclosed. DMC selectivity was found strongly depend mechanical-pressure applied, as pressure controll...