cacl2 treatment followed by heat shock is the most common method for artificial transformation. here, the cells were transformed using cacl2 treatment either with heat shock (standard protocol) or without heat shock (lab protocol) to comprehend the difference in transformation efficiency. the bl21 strain of escherichia coli (e. coli) was being susceptible using cacl2 treatment. some cells were ...

Extending recent results in the isentropic case, we use a combination of asymptotic ODE estimates and numerical Evans-function computations to examine the spectral stability of shock-wave solutions of the compressible Navier–Stokes equations with ideal gas equation of state. Our main results are that, in appropriately rescaled coordinates, the Evans function associatedwith the linearized operat...

Fourier and hyperbolic models of heat transfer on a fin that is subjected to a periodic boundary condition are solved analytically. The differential equation in Fourier and non-Fourier models is solved by the Laplace transform method. The temperature distribution on the fin is obtained using the residual theorem in a complex plan for the inverse Laplace transform method. The thermal shock is ge...

The Burgers’ equation first appeared in the paper by Bateman [3], who mentioned two of the essentially steady solutions. Due to extensive works of Burgers [4] involving the Burgers’ equation especially as a mathematical model for the turbulence, it is known as Burgers’ equation. The equation is used as a model in fields as wide as heat conduction [5], gas dynamics [13], shock waves [4], longitu...

For the Broadwell model of the nonlinear Boltzmann equation, there are shock profile solutions, i.e. smooth traveling waves that connect two equilibrium states. For weak shock waves, we prove asymptotic (in time) stability with respect to small perturbations of the initial data. Following the work of Liu [7] on shock wave stability for viscous conservation laws, the method consists of analyzing...

The generation of an extreme water state 130 GPa, 5000 K, and 3.4 g /cm3 which is characterized as dense plasma at the axis of a converging shock wave is reported. A 4 kJ pulse generator was used to explode a 40 Cu-wire array, generating a cylindrical shock wave. The measured shock wave trajectory and energy deposited into the water flow were used in hydrodynamic simulations coupled with the eq...

A combustion model which captures the interactions among nonlinear convection, chemical reaction and radiative heat transfer is studied. New phenomena are found with radiative heat transfer present. In particular, there is a weak detonation solution for each radiative heat loss coeecient. The speed of the weak detonation wave decreases as the heat loss coeecient increases and the detonation wav...

Fresnel diffraction at a straight edge is revisited for nonlinear acoustics. Considering the penumbra region as a diffraction boundary layer governed by the KZ equation and its associated jump relations for shocks, similarity laws are established for the diffraction of a step shock, an "N" wave, or a periodic sawtooth wave. Compared to the linear case described by the well-known Fresnel functio...

Based on a general theory of detonation waves with an embedded sonic locus that we have previously developed, we carry out asymptotic analysis of weakly curved slowly varying detonation waves and show that the theory predicts the phenomenon of detonation ignition and failure. The analysis is not restricted to near ChapmanJouguet detonation speeds and is capable of predicting quasi-steady, norma...