H9N2 influenza viruses have become established and maintain long-term endemicity in terrestrial poultry in Asian countries. Occasionally these viruses transmit to other mammals, including humans. Increasing epidemiological and laboratory findings suggest that quail may be an important host, as they are susceptible to different subtypes of influenza viruses. To better understand the role of quai...

Avian influenza surveillance in Bangladesh has been passive, relying on poultry farmers to report suspected outbreaks of highly pathogenic H5N1 influenza. Here, the results of an active surveillance effort focusing on the live-bird markets are presented. Prevalence of influenza infection in the birds of the live bird markets is 23.0%, which is similar to that in poultry markets in other countri...

The aim of this study was to determine the seroprevalence of avian influenzaH9N2 subtype in the industrial ostrich farms and its geographical distribution. This cross-sectional study was conducted from January to June 2015. A total of 40 farms were selected from different provinces of Iran, from each of which 11 ostriches (n=440) were sampled. The sera samples were examined using 4 hemagglutina...

Influenza surveillance networks in Guangdong were established to investigate the epidemiological characteristics of influenza and influenza epidemics. Influenza activity peaked annually from March to July in Guangdong in 1991-2000; influenza H3N2 predominated in the epidemic (7 years of 10); the outbreak of influenza in 1996 was the remarkable result of antigenic drift of H3N2 strain. Ten isola...

conclusions the aiv loaded into cnp vaccines induce appropriate antibody titers, after a single immunization, while requiring a low dose of antigen. the cnp also represent an interesting new platform for antigen delivery and a promising adjuvant candidate for h9n2 inactivated influenza vaccine. results the cnp did not cause any mortality or side effects, when chickens were administered the prep...

Low Pathogenicity Avian Influenza virus subtype H9N2 causes decreased egg production and two of the four defined poultry lineages (G1 Y280) have been associated with human infections. The high positive test results for in LBMs Greater Jakarta area 2021 can be a source transmission surrounding area. This study aims to determine prevalence risk factors that play role contamination obtain multivar...

Novel influenza viruses of the H7N9 subtype have infected 33 and killed nine people in China as of 10 April 2013. Their haemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase genes probably originated from Eurasian avian influenza viruses; the remaining genes are closely related to avian H9N2 influenza viruses. Several characteristic amino acid changes in HA and the PB2 RNA polymerase subunit probably facilitat...

In order to control the H9N2 subtype low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI), an inactivated vaccine has been used in Korea since 2007. The Korean veterinary authority permitted the use of a single H9N2 LPAI vaccine strain to simplify the evolution of the circulating virus due to the immune pressure caused by the vaccine use. It is therefore important to determine the suitability of the vaccine s...