High-pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs) evolve from low-pathogenic precursors specifying the HA serotypes H5 or H7 by acquisition of a polybasic HA cleavage site. As the reason for this serotype restriction has remained unclear, we aimed to distinguish between compatibility of a polybasic cleavage site with H5/H7 HA only and unique predisposition of these two serotypes for insertion mu...

A multiplex real-time PCR (R-PCR) assay was designed and evaluated on the ABI 7700 sequence detection system (TaqMan) to detect enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) O157:H7 in pure cultures, feces, and tissues. Three sets of primers and fluorogenic probes were used for amplification and real-time detection of a 106-bp region of the eae gene encoding EHEC O157:H7-specific intimin, and 150-b...

The aim of this study was to identify virulent Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) strains isolated from faecal samples of 100 clinically healthy calves. In the present study, a total of 100 Escherichia coli (E. coli) isolates from clinically healthy calves belonging to 6 different farms located in Khorasan Razavi province, Iran, were examined for presence of virulence genes character...

Modified tryptic soy broth, lauryl sulfate tryptose broth, modified EC broth, sorbitol MacConkey agar and Fluorocult E. coli O157 agar were tested for the recovery of 3 strains of Escherichia coli O157:H7 against E. coli type 1 and Citrobacter freundii as common competitive microflora of raw meat products. Two-stepped trials showed that modified EC broth and lauryl sulfate tryptose broth were s...

Escherichia coli serotype O157H:7 and five other fecal and nonfecal coliforms were tested for minimum and maximum temperatures for growth in E. coli medium by using a temperature gradient incubator with a mean temperature increment of 1.67 degrees C (+/- 0.392). The temperature range for growth of E. coli O157:H7 is inconsistent with that of other fecal coliforms, suggesting that this pathogen ...

We report that enteroinvasive Escherichia coli (EIEC) serotypes considered to be nonmotile produce an unusually large (77 kDa) flagellin that is assembled into functional flagellum filaments that allow the bacteria to swim in modified motility agar. The EIEC flagellin showed N-terminal identity to most common enterobacterial flagellins, especially those of the E. coli H7 serotype. These data ar...

This study aimed to evaluate the presence of coliforms in 50 samples (25 ready-to-eat vegetable salads and 25 handlers’ hands) collected randomly from restaurants Baghdad. The total coliform count Al-Sadria Hay al-Amel reached 4.78 4.32 log cfu/g, respectively, whereas those swab hands same areas 3.70 3.90 respectively. percentages fecal bacteria salad were 35% 32%, hand swabs 41% 36%, Two isol...

An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of Shiga toxins (Premier EHEC assay; Meridian Diagnostics, Inc.) was compared to conventional sorbitol-MacConkey culture for the recovery of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli. A total of 74 enteric pathogens, including 8 E. coli O157:H7 isolates, were recovered from 974 stool specimens. Two of these specimens were not tested by Premier ass...