This paper presents a model of the interaction between corrupt government officials and industrial firms to show that corruption is antithetical to competition. It is hypothesized that a government agent that controls access to a formal market has a self-interest in demanding a bribe payment that serves to limit the number of firms. This corrupt official will also be subject to a detection tech...

Human Capital and the Size Distribution of Firms Countries that have relatively fewer workers with a secondary education have smaller firms. The shortage of skilled workers limits the growth of more productive firms. Two factors influence the availability of skilled workers: i) the education level of the workforce and ii) large public sectors that predominantly hire individuals with a better ed...

This paper explores how oil price shocks a ect scal policy and macroeconomic performance in an oil exporting small open economy. In this type of economy, oil price shocks in uence scal policy because they have nontrivial e ects on the government's budget constraint. On one hand, oil price shocks a ect revenue directly as oil revenue constitutes a large share of total revenue. On the other hand,...

This paper presents a brief overview of the extant fiscal situation in South Asian countries. In particular, I emphasize low tax/GDP ratios and inelastic expenditure/GDP ratios which then lead to structurally entrenched fiscal deficits. The paper also reports on the sustainability of fiscal and current account deficits in the South Asian countries. Finally, the paper reports on some important i...

This paper reexamines the work of Kempf and Rota-Graziosi (J. Pub. Econ. 94: 768-776, 2010), which shows that leadership by the small region is the risk dominant equilibrium under the endogenous timing game. They obtain this result in a model where the asymmetry among countries translates into different gradients of the demand for capital but identical vertical intercept. In this note, we simpl...

Inequality still becomes popular issue in the establishment of developing countries. Aside from income inequality, human development inequality is considered as an interesting topic for further study, terms resuming solution. The purpose this study specific identifying gap between origin and new regencies Eastern Indonesia well determinant. This uses a positivist perspective with deductive appr...

TO THE EDITOR—We read with interest the article by Johnson et al, which demonstrates that, in extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli (ExPEC), fluoroquinolone (FQ) resistance is currently associated with the rapid expansion of a single dominant multidrug-resistant (MDR) strain that emerged within sequence type (ST) 131 [1]. Although the strong predominance of the ST131 clone has been well d...

References 1. Yokota S, Sato T, Okubo T, Ohkoshi Y, Okabayashi T, Kuwahara O, et al. Prevalence of fluoroquinolone-resistant Escherichia coli O25:H4-ST131 (CTX-M-15-nonproducing) strains isolated in Japan. Chemotherapy. 2012;58:52–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000336129 2. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing (M100-S25). Wayn...

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are often caused by Escherichia coli. Their increasing resistance to broad-spectrum antibiotics challenges the treatment of UTIs. Whereas, E. coli ST131 is often multidrug resistant (MDR), ST69 remains susceptible to antibiotics such as cephalosporins. Both STs are commonly linked to community and nosocomial infections. E. coli phylogenetic groups B2 and D are as...