The 7 nAChR-selective partial agonist 3-(2,4-dimethoxybenzylidene)anabaseine (GTS-21) is more efficacious and potent for rat receptors than for human 7 receptors. Four single amino acid differences exist between human and rat 7 in the agonist binding site, two in the C loop, and one each in the E and F loops. Reciprocal mutations were made in these three domains and evaluated in Xenopus laevis ...

Gilles de la Tourette syndrome (GTS) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by motor and vocal tics. The etiology of the disorder is unknown, although the predominant role of genetic factors has been established. Variants of the BTBD9 gene (rs4714156, rs9296249 and rs9357271) have been reported to be associated with GTS in French Canadian and Chinese Han populations. Therefore, we decid...

Graph transformation systems (GTS) are a widely used technique for the formal modeling of structures and structure changes of systems. To verify properties of GTS, model checking techniques have been developed, and to cope with the inherent infinity arising in GTS state spaces, abstraction techniques are employed. In this paper, we introduce a novel representation for abstract graphs (which are...

BACKGROUND An earlier small-scale study of children with autism revealed that 8.1% of such patients were co-morbid for Gilles de la Tourette syndrome (GTS). The present study is a large scale test of whether this result replicates. METHOD Four hundred and forty-seven pupils from nine schools for children and adolescents with autism were screened for the presence of motor and vocal tics. RES...

Constraint Handling Rules (CHR) [1] has become a general-purpose rule-based programming language throughout the last decade. The relations to many other formalisms have been investigated [2] and often results could be transferred from CHR to other formalisms, or vice versa. Graph Transformation Systems (GTS) [3], which have been developed in the 60ies and have become increasingly popular, have ...

The role of the basal ganglia in conditions with co-occurring movement disorders and neuropsychiatric symptoms is not well known. It has been hypothesized that hyperkinesia -disinhibited behaviors and hypokinesia-inhibited behaviors result from an imbalance between the direct and indirect striatal output pathways, and that differential involvement of these pathways could account for the concurr...

We develop a game-theoretic semantics (GTS) for the fragment ATL of the Alternating-time Temporal Logic ATL∗, essentially extending a recently introduced GTS for ATL. We show that the new game-theoretic semantics is equivalent to the standard compositional semantics of ATL (with perfectrecall strategies). Based on the new semantics, we provide an analysis of the memory and time resources needed...

OBJECTIVE To describe the health impact of harvesting tobacco and to suggest prevention and risk reduction strategies to avoid contracting green tobacco sickness (GTS). DATA SOURCES A literature search of Medline, Toxline, and Toxline65 with the terms "green", "tobacco", and "sickness" covering the years 1966-1998. STUDY SELECTION All studies, reviews, and commentaries that provided informa...

Ganoderma triterpenes (GTs) are the major secondary metabolites of Ganoderma lucidum, a traditional Chinese medicine, popularly used for complementary cancer therapy. GTs are lanostane-tetracyclic triterpenes. They have been reported to possess anti-tumor, anti-inflammation, antioxidant, antimicrobial and blood fat reducing effects. To date, 316 GTs have been found and their similar chemical st...

The carbohydrate active enzyme (CAZy) database is an invaluable resource for glycobiology and currently contains 45 glycosyltransferase families that are represented in plants. Glycosyltransferases (GTs) have many functions in plants, but the majority are likely to be involved in biosynthesis of polysaccharides and glycoproteins in the plant cell wall. Bioinformatic approaches and structural mo...