plants polluted with pb produced by automobiles along the roads and highways have extensively been reported all over the world. it is the most important source of pollution in the environment. this research was carried out to determine the polluting degree of plants along the highways such as: rasht-anzaly, kelachay-ramsar, tehran-karaj, and isfahan-tehran. at each arbitrary point, a transect 1...

• Below-ground microbial communities influence plant diversity, plant productivity, and plant community composition. Given these strong ecological effects, are interactions with below-ground microbes also important for understanding natural selection on plant traits? • Here, we manipulated below-ground microbial communities and the soil moisture environment on replicated populations of Brassica...

Hirschmanniella oryzae is the most common plant-parasitic nematode in flooded rice cultivation systems. These migratory animals penetrate the plant roots and feed on the root cells, creating large cavities, extensive root necrosis and rotting. The objective of this study was to investigate the systemic response of the rice plant upon root infection by this nematode. RNA sequencing was applied o...

Six open-top chambers were installed on the shortgrass steppe in north-eastern Colorado, USA from late March until mid-October in 1997 and 1998 to evaluate how this grassland will be affected by rising atmospheric CO2. Three chambers were maintained at current CO2 concentration (ambient treatment), three at twice ambient CO2, or approximately 720 mmol mol (elevated treatment), and three noncham...

The e€ects of the fungal pathogen Phomopsis convolvulus Ormeno on seedling and established plant performance of Convolvulus arvensis L. were compared under both controlled and ®eld conditions. Under a controlled environment, a granular barley formulation of the fungal inoculum that had been applied on to the soil surface of pots containing pre-germinated C. arvensis seeds resulted in above-grou...

Plant-microbe mutualisms can improve plant defense, but the impact of root endophytes on below-ground herbivore interactions remains unknown. We investigated the effects of the root endophyte Piriformospora indica on interactions between rice (Oryza sativa) plants and its root herbivore rice water weevil (RWW; Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus), and how plant jasmonic acid (JA) and GA regulate this tri...

Marshes have been proposed as sites for phytoremediation of metals. The fate of metals within plant tissues is a critical issue for effectiveness of this process. In this paper we review studies that investigate the effects of plants on metals in wetlands. While most of these marsh plant species are similar in metal uptake patterns and in concentrating metals primarily in roots, some species re...

BACKGROUND Plants interact with each other, nutrients, and microbial communities in soils through extensive root networks. Understanding these below ground interactions has been difficult in natural systems, particularly those with high plant species diversity where morphological identification of fine roots is difficult. We combine DNA-based root identification with a DNA barcode database and ...

The main British population of Gortyna borelii occurs on the north Essex coast, on sites very close to sea level. During 1999, 2000 and 2001, ovipositing strategies of G. borelii were studied providing details of egg laying behaviour, preferred oviposition host plants, height of ova deposition and distance of the oviposition site from the nearest larval food plant (Peucedanum officinale). Six o...