This study examined the differences in costs and profitability for established conventional and organic almond orchards in Stanislaus County, California. The study used a partial budgeting approach to compare cost and profitability for established orchards for 2010, and thus ignored transition costs. Data was obtained from UC Davis cost studies for organic almonds, and from the Green Valley Ran...

In the new competitive order, Australian electricity systems have been oriented to growth of electricity sales based on low margins and the capture of market share. Electricity is a premium fuel. The second law of thermodynamics testifies to this, as does the relationship between coal-fired electricity and the negative externality of greenhouse warming. Electricity prices should reflect its sta...

We consider the problem of an electric-power marketer offering a fixed-price forward contract to provide electricity that it purchases from a potentially volatile and unpredictable fledgling spot energy market. One option for the risk-averse marketer who wants to hedge against the spot-price volatility is to engage in cross hedging to reduce the contract’s profit variance, and to determine the ...

the augmented gravity model was employed to determine iran's trading model and agricultural export directions in the case of cross section analysis in 2005 for 64 countries which are considered as iran's main export market. besides, another explanatory variable named trade conformity index (tci) was added to the model. this index was employed to identify iran's trading model. als...

Harvesting energy from nature (solar, wind etc.) is envisioned as a key enabler for realizing green wireless networks. However, green energy sources are geographically distributed and the power amount is random which may not enough to power a base station by a single energy site. Burning brown energy sources such as coal and crude oil, though companied with carbon dioxide emission, provides sta...

cdse nanostructures were synthesized by using green chemical route as starch was used as capping agent. xrd, hr-tem, sead, uv and pl studies were made for structural and optical properties of the prepared sample. film morphology and the thickness measurement of n-cdse were carried out with afm analysis. i-v characteristics curve of this junction confirmed the formation of schottky contact betwe...

Recently, a lot of energy efficient techniques have been developed to reduce the usage of the carbon intensive energy (brown energy) of databases. There is a new opportunity to reduce the brown energy usage: renewable energy (green energy) has been used to at least partially power computer systems. The key challenge of exploiting green energy sources is that they are variable and intermittent. ...

Global warming has today turned to one of the most important environmental issues due tooveruse of fossil fuels, and it needs serious attention. Since the mid-1970s, an urgent needwas therefore felt around the world to reduce the use of energy for heating and cooling inbuildings. Using green covers, especially green facades, in appropriate environmentalconditions can be regarded as a method to ...