second language  learners often develop grammatical competence in the absence of concomitant pragmatic competence (kasper & roever, 2005) and the exact nature of the relationship between the two competences is still indistinct and in need of inquiries ( bardovi-harlig, 1999; khatib & ahmadisafa, 2011). this study is a partial attempt to address the lacuna and aims to see if any relation...

It is generally assumed that speakers of grammatical gender languages consider grammatical gender arbitrary, but this assumption has never been tested. Research shows that the grammatical gender of nouns can affect perceptions of the masculinity or femininity of the noun's referent in speakers of languages with masculine and feminine noun classes. However, bilingualism facilitates the developme...

An opinion classification system on the notion of opinion subjectivity has been reported. The subjectivity classification system uses Genetic-Based Machine Learning (GBML) technique that considers subjectivity as a semantic problem using syntactic simple string co-occurrence rules that involves grammatical construction and linguistic features. Application of machine learning algorithms in NLP g...

The Web has provided an excellent platform for business to consumer (B2C) electronic commerce. B2C electronic commerce offers convenience, choice, lower cost and customization to consumers. The electronic shopping platform allows consumers to make intelligent comparison and purchasing decision on consumer products. In addition to comparing product specifications as described on electronic catal...

If word strings violate grammatical rules, they elicit neurophysiological brain responses commonly attributed to a specifically human language processor or grammar module. However, an ungrammatical string of words is always also a very rare sequence of events and it is, therefore, not always evident whether specifically linguistic processes are at work when neurophysiological grammar indexes ar...

Grammatical Abstract UngrammaticalUngrammatical Concrete Grammatical Concrete Ungrammatical Abstract Concrete 0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00Concrete 0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 En do rs em en tr at es Grammatical

This study explored the effect of input vs. collaborative output tasks on Iranian EFL learners’ grammatical accuracy and their willingness to communicate (WTC). In so doing, the study utilized 3 input (i.e., textual enhancement, processing instruction, and discourse) and 3 collaborative output (i.e., dictogloss, reconstruction cloze task, and jigsaw) tasks and compared their effects on 5 Englis...

This study aimed to investigate how Iranian EFL learners performed in producing sentences containing idioms and whether they had any problems in producing such sentences. This query, subsequently, raised the question of whether idioms influenced the participants’ grammaticality judgment on idiom-containing sentences. For this purpose, firstly, the writings of 24 learners were investigated for a...