AbstractGrammatical Evolution (GE) is one of the most popular Genetic Programming (GP) variants, and it has been used with success in several problem domains. Since original proposal, many enhancements have proposed to GE order address some its main issues improve performance.In this paper we propose Probabilistic Grammatical (PGE), which introduces a new genotypic representation mapping mechan...

undoubtedly the holy quran is a unique book in arabic language, eloquently and rhetorically. its words are a pure collection of arabic literature. all poets, jurisprudents and philosophers believe it as a master art. it is a permanent treasure of arabic and for it many sciences have been generated. it kept the arabic language active and dynamic during ups and downs of the history. it also conta...

This paper addresses the issue of embedded zu-infinitival clauses in German from the perspective of a formal grammatical framework, tree adjoining grammar (TAG) and related tree rewriting systems.1 Two radically different analyses have been proposed for this construction. According to the “syntactic” analysis, embedded infinitivals in German are analyzed essentially as in English, namely as cla...

This study investigates how college students solve their cognitive conflicts when receiving peers’ suggestions and corrections in online text revision. A sample of 45 undergraduate students were recruited to read their peer writers’ texts, edit peer writers’ errors, evaluate peer editors’ corrections and suggestions, and finally rewrite their own texts. Stratified sampling was employed to ident...

This study investigated the effects of planned focus-on-form instruction (pFFI) on developing oral grammatical accuracy in Iranian English EFL learners. To this end, 60 lower-intermediate EFL learners studying English in a private English language institute in Tehran, Iran, were randomly assigned to two classes. Both classes received a task-based instruction on grammatical points elicited in or...

RuPaul’s Drag Race (2009 – present) is an American reality television programme launched by RuPaul Charles, which has turned drag queens into a mainstream phenomenon. After briefly analysing the controversial figure of queen in light Judith Butler’s performative turn, as well lingo following Keith Harvey’s framework for identifying camp talk, this research aims at investigating European Spanish...

language, science and politics go together and learning these genres is to learn a language created for codifying, extending and transmitting scientific and political knowledge. grammatical metaphor is divided into two broad areas: ideational and interpersonal.this paper focuses on the first type i.e. ideational grammatical metaphor (igm), which includes process types and nominalization.  the m...

Language is a form of cultural wealth nation. Analysis the use language an interesting topic to study. The current manuscript implement Systemic functional linguistics (SFL) theory which focuses on exploring social and context in piece writing. SFL it self approach that considers as semiotic system function contexts choices users make. This paper intended analyze students’ recount text writing ...