This paper is devoted to deformation theory of graded Lie algebras over Z or Zl with finite dimensional graded pieces. Such deformation problems naturally appear in number theory. In the first part of the paper, we use Schlessinger criteria for functors on Artinian local rings in order to obtain universal deformation rings for deformations of graded Lie algebras and their graded representations...

Note: This is a draft as of October 3, 2014 of a survey article now under review for the Companion to Semantics being prepared for Wiley by L. Matthewson, C. Meier, H. Rullmann, and E. Zimmermann. The intention is for the article to be engaging and accessible to students with 1 or 2 courses in formal semantics, so I’ve tried to keep it as non-technical and empiricallyoriented as possible. Sugge...

Academic writing ability is an important goal that learners of English as a Second Language (ESL) or English as a Foreign Language (EFL) try to attain. While ESL students’ academic writings have been widely explored, owing to few studies investigating appraisal resources in EFL students’ argumentative writing, the gap still exists about EFL students’ academic writing. This study aimed to see ho...