In the normal aging process, apoptosis has been implicated as a mechanism responsible for the loss of muscle cells and plays an important role in age-related muscle loss. Several signaling pathways involved in skeletal muscle apoptosis are currently under intense investigation, particularly the caspase-independent pathway. This study investigated the age-related apoptotic changes occurring in t...

OBJECTIVE The gracilis was once applied in reconstructing erectile function but its appearance was bulky. We aimed to design a model meeting the requirements of both reducing volume and retaining function. MATERIALS AND METHODS The gracilis muscles of 6 rabbits were harvested, applied colorful vascular perfusion and modified Sihler's intramuscular nerve staining. According to their intramuscu...

We report the case of a 34-year-old man with a total brachial plexus injury that was treated by free functional muscle transplantation to restore simultaneously elbow flexion and finger extension. The muscle had a very large muscle belly (12 cm width), which was considered anatomically to be a fusion of the gracilis and the adductor longus muscles. Although the muscle possessed two major vascul...

Free innervated muscle transfer (FMT) achieves functional restoration following not only traumatic brachial plexus injury, but also intractable rare upper limb disorders, such Hopkins’ syndrome, myoplasia in arthrogryposis and radition neuropathy. I introduce our current experience of FMT for these disorders. Hopkins syndrome is a rare cause of poliomyelitis-like paralysis affecting one or more...

Abstract Over the last two decades, senior author (B.H.) has had an extensive experience with facial paralysis reconstruction. During this period, techniques have evolved substantially based on and after observing analyzing surgical outcomes. The purpose of article is to relay lessons learned from 20 years' suggest algorithm. In retrospective study, we included 343 cases cases. Complete were 28...

We find that cycloheximide completely blocks the light-induced apearance of Euglena chloroplastic aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases in dark-grown cells of Euglena gracilis var. bacillaris. Streptomycin, on the other hand, has no effect on the light-induction of these organellar enzymes. These observations, together with the finding that an aplastidic mutant (strain W(3)BUL, which has neither significa...

Phototaxis, the process through which motile organisms direct their swimming toward or away from light, is implicated in key ecological phenomena (including algal blooms and diel vertical migration) that shape the distribution, diversity, and productivity of phytoplankton and thus energy transfer to higher trophic levels in aquatic ecosystems. Phototaxis also finds important applications in bio...

These patients have suffered complete disconnection of the upper limb from the brain and spinal cord. Restoration of function involves reinnervation of muscles for control of the shoulder, the elbow and of the hand. The preponderance of root avulsions implies that there is a serious deficiency of donor nerves. Traditional nerve transfers using the spinal accessory nerve and the phrenic or the i...