Solar energetic particles (SEPs) occasionally contribute additional atmospheric ionization beyond that arising from the usual galactic cosmic ray background. During an SEP event associated with a solar flare on April 11, 2013, the vertical ionization rate profile obtained using a balloon-borne detector showed enhanced ionization with a 26% increase at 20 km, over Reading, United Kingdom. Fluctu...

Cosmic-ray background fluxes were modeled based on existing measurements and theories and are presented here. The model, originally developed for the Gamma-ray Large Area Space Telescope (GLAST) Balloon Experiment, covers the entire solid angle (4π sr), the sensitive energy range of the instrument (∼ 10 MeV to 100 GeV) and abundant components (proton, alpha, e−, e, μ−, μ and gamma). It is expre...

This article is composed of three independent commentaries about the state Integrated, Coordinated, Open, Networked (ICON) principles (Goldman et al., 2021, https://doi.org/10.1002/essoar.10508554.1) in Geomagnetism, Paleomagnetism, and Electromagnetism (GPE) section discussion on opportunities challenges adopting them. Each commentary focuses a different topic: Global collaboration, reproducib...

Abstract In December 2019, the International Association of Geomagnetism and Aeronomy (IAGA) Division V Working Group (V-MOD) adopted thirteenth generation Geomagnetic Reference Field (IGRF). This IGRF updates previous with a definitive main field model for epoch 2015.0, 2020.0, predictive linear secular variation 2020.0 to 2025.0. letter provides equations defining IGRF, spherical harmonic coe...

There is a clinical correlation between (1) an allergic patient's ability to resist the development of symptoms that would have resulted from an allergenic challenge, (2) the magnitude of geomagnetism at a geographic site, and (3) the amount of solar energy falling on that site. It is suggested that the digestive membrane has an electronic gatekeeper that "decides" electronically which molecule...

Abstract. This paper examines how ionospheric physics emerged as a research speciality in Britain, Germany, and the United States first four decades of 20th century. It argues that formation this discipline can be viewed confluence deep-rooted traditions which scientists engineers transformed, from within, areas connected to radio wave propagation geomagnetism. These include Cambridge school's ...