Lake level variation is an important hydrological indicator of water balance, biodiversity and climate change in drainage basins. This paper illustrates the use of moderate-resolution imaging spectroadiometer (MODIS) data to characterize complex water level variation in Poyang Lake, the largest freshwater lake in China. MODIS data were used in conjunction with in situ topographic data, otherwis...

A new product, the Pan-Arctic Snowfall Reconstruction (PASR), is developed to address the problem of cold season precipitation gauge biases for the 1940–99 period. The method used to create the PASR is different from methods used in other large-scale precipitation data products and has not previously been employed for estimating pan-arctic snowfall. The NASA Interannual-to-Seasonal Prediction P...

Rainfall-runoff modelling is a useful tool for water resources management. This study presents a simple daily rainfall-runoff model, based on the water balance equation, which we apply to the 11,630 km2 Lesser Zab catchment in northeast Iraq. The model was forced by either observed daily rain gauge data from four stations in the catchment or satellite-derived rainfall estimates from two TRMM Mu...

A hidden Markov model (HMM) is used to describe daily rainfall occurrence at ten gauge stations in the state of Ceará in northeast Brazil during the February–April wet season 1975–2002. The model assumes that rainfall occurrence is governed by a few discrete states, with Markovian daily transitions between them. Four “hidden” rainfall states are identified. One pair of the states represents wet...

there exist simple theories to predict the strain of sandwich structures under a bending load and specific support conditions. although theoretical predictions are highly effective, but the role of testing in validation of these theories and their progress is undeniable. the main goal of the present paper is to prepare a test instruction in order to minimize the error of data acquisition and th...

A hidden Markov model (HMM) is used to describe daily rainfall occurrence at ten gauge stations in the state of Ceará in northeast Brazil during the February–April wet season 1975–2002. The model assumes that rainfall occurrence is governed by a few discrete states, with Markovian daily transitions between them. Four “hidden” rainfall states are identified. One pair of the states represents wet...

Coastal sea level is observed at tide gauge stations, which usually also serve as height reference stations for national networks. One of the main issues with using data research that only a few are connected to permanent GNSS needed correct vertical land motion. As new observation technique, absolute positioning by SAR off shelf active radar transponders can be installed instead. year 2020 col...

The 30-min rainfall erosivity index (EI30) is commonly used in the Universal Soil Loss Equation for predicting soil loss from agricultural hillslopes. EI30 is calculated from the total kinetic energy and the maximum 30-min rainfall intensity of a storm. Normally, EI30 values are calculated from breakpoint rainfall information taken from continuous recording rain gauge charts, however, in many p...

Water level reduction with GNSS [FIG Commission 4 Working Group 4.2 2006, Dodd and Mills 2011] requires the availability of the ellipsoidal heights of CD, i.e. the Lowest Astronomical Tide (LAT) as adopted by the International Hydrographic Organization [International Hydrographic Organization, 2011, Technical Resolution 3/1919]. LAT is defined as the lowest tide level to occur under average met...