Uncertain entailment is a methodology for calculating the truth value of an uncertain formula via the maximum uncertainty principle when the truth values of other uncertain formulas are given. In order to find the truth value of additional formula, this paper will introduce an entailment model. As applications of uncertain entailment, this paper will also discuss modus ponens, modus tollens, an...

The overlap function, a particular kind of binary aggregate has been extensively utilized in decision-making, image manipulation, classification, and other fields. With regard to function theory, many scholars have also obtained achievements, such as pseudo-overlap quasi-overlap semi-overlap etc. above generalized functions contain commutativity continuity, which makes them some limitations pra...

It is well known that a fuzzy rule base is a characterization of a partially given mapping (fuzzy function) between fuzzy universes. For practical applications, it is desirable to interpolate that function in order to compute its values at points (fuzzy or crisp) other than fuzzy sets (nodes) in antecedents of the rule base. Moreover, interpolation requires that in the case of coincidence betwe...

This article will study a class of deduction systems that allow for a limited use of the modus ponens method of deduction. We will show that it is possible to devise axiom systems α that can recognize their consistency under a deduction system D provided that: 1) α treats multiplication as a 3-way relation (rather than as a total function), and that 2)D does not allow for the use of a modus pon...

Two experiments examined developmental patterns in children's conditional reasoning with everyday causal conditionals. In Experiment 1, a group of pre-, early, young, and late adolescents generated counterexamples for a set of conditionals to validate developmental claims about the counterexample retrieval capacity. In Experiment 2, participants in the same age range were presented with a condi...

Most information discovery processes need to understand the reasons of the success of the inference methods or the usability of the new information, which can sometimes be somehow explained with a few useful measures on the premises or on the chosen relations, logics and implications. This chapter presents a state of art on the latest concepts of measure, from the additive measures, to monotone...

Saul Kripke proposed a skeptical challenge that Romina Padró defended and popularized by the name of Adoption Problem. The is that, given certain definition adoption, there are some logical principles cannot be adopted—paradigmatic cases being Universal Instantiation Modus Ponens. has used Problem to argue an important sense in which logic not revisable. In this essay, I defend two independent ...