in this paper a new element for analysis of thin-walled structures is presented, and the effects of secondary shear stresses on longitudinal displacements are examined. since the interpolation functions are based on non-uniform torsional differential equations, the analysis of stiffness matrix is facilitated. therefore, its ability to produce accurate results with the least number of elements i...

The purpose of this paper is to characterize some notions of function, mainly of artifacts in engineering and philosophy, from an engineering point of view. First, we distinguish some fundamental kinds of functions based on ontological distinctions. Then, using these kinds of functions, we present a phase-oriented model of artifact function along the product lifecycle. This model shows the kind...

Philosophers have long debated about two ways of conceiving of universals: as Platonic universals and as Aristotelian universals. Roughly, Aristotelian universals are inherent in the particulars that instantiate them; they can be multiply located (located just where the instances are located), and they exist only if they have at least one instance. Platonic universals, by contrast, are truly ab...

A fundamental question in the study of concepts is what makes sets of examples cohere as categories. We present results of three studies designed to compare standard taxonomic categories with categories that take their meaning from relationships extending outside of the individual example. An exemplar generation task is used to differentiate relational categories from taxonomic kinds and to com...

Objective(s): Crocin, as the main carotenoid of saffron, has shown anti-tumor activity both in vitro and in vivo. Crocin might interact with cellular proteins and modulate their functions, but the exact target of this carotenoid and the other compounds of the saffron have not been discovered yet. Microtubular proteins, as one of the most important proteins inside the cells, have several functio...