Certain Ficus spp. are dependent on wasps for pollination. The invading wasps usually shed their wings on entering a fig through the ostiole; and during attempted or successful egg deposi t ion, transfer pollen to the female flowers and then die. A gall forms around each egg, and within the gall develops a male or a female wasp. Male wasps are the first to emerge from galls, and they then ferti...

Quince is a deciduous tree known to the countries around the Mediterranean since antiquity. Nowadays, quince is used as an ornamental plant, and as a rootstock for pear trees, with its fruit being appreciated mainly for production of jam and sweets rather than for raw consumption. Quince leaves contain compounds with antioxidant, antimicrobial and anticancerous properties that have been th...

Erwinia amylovora, the causal agent of fire blight, was first reported in Kyrgyz orchards 2008 and, within a few years, disease has spread throughout most northern part country. As blight expanded and penetrated new areas, it also reached unique ecosystem constituted by Arslonbob wild walnut–fruit forests South Kyrgyzstan. Here, we present results field surveys nearby gardens Jalal-Abad region ...

BACKGROUND Relatively little has been researched or published on the importance of peri-urban domestic gardens as part of a household livelihood strategy in South Africa. Due to lack of comprehensive data on peri-urban domestic gardens, their potential value as luxury green space, provision of food, income and ecosystem services to the fast growing urban population in South Africa is not clearl...

The Early Modern period in Europe was a time of citrus-mania, when the cultivation and classification of citrus resulting in true collections appeared all over Europe. While scholarship has mainly concentrated on the Italian legacy, I argue that one should change perspective and concentrate on the Iberian (IP) legacy. The particularity of orange groves in the IP derives precisely from their pro...

extended abstract 1.introduction today the role and the importance of open and green spaces are significantly increasing in the environment and the quality of building complex. therefore, open and green spaces are considered as intrinsic, parts of land use planning decision in most countries. the gardens in the city of jahrom are the indexes of iranian thought and creativity and also the climat...

We profiled the microfungal communities in gardens of fungus-growing ants to evaluate possible species-specific ant-microfungal associations and to assess the potential dependencies of microfungal diversity on ant foraging behavior. In a 1-year survey, we isolated microfungi from nests of Cyphomyrmex wheeleri, Trachymyrmex septentrionalis and Atta texana in Central Texas. Microfungal prevalence...

In agroecosystems, local and landscape features, as well as natural enemy abundance and richness, are significant predictors of predation services that may result in biological control of pests. Despite the increasing importance of urban gardening for provisioning of food to urban populations, most urban gardeners suffer from high pest problems, and have little knowledge about how to manage the...