Economic disruptions (techonological change, trade liberalization, immigration flows) generally create winners and losers, i.e., wage gains for some individuals losses others. The compensation problem consists of designing a reform the existing income tax system that offsets wefare by redistributing winners. We derive closed-form formula compensating its impact on government budget when only di...

“abstraction principle” means separation between two obligations incommercial instruments: underlying obligation and documentary obligationthat created by drawing these documents. the main effect of this principle isthat objections related to first obligation, cannot be claim in second; wherethere is a third party. to obtain a real and comprehensive perspective of thisprinciple in iranian law, ...

some western scholars of shiite studies believe thatthe chief principle of justice in twelver shia islam or imamiyyah is rooted in mo’tazalediscourse while this principle has its roots in imam ali’s (as) theoretical and practical instructions. justice in imam ali’s view has an epistemological status which initiates from allah’s justice attribute; then it streams in cosmology; and after all it i...