In this paper, the influence of foundation configuration (raft or separate footings) on tunnel–soil–framed building interaction is investigated using geotechnical centrifuge testing. Tunnelling-induced soil movements and deformation fields, framed displacements structure shear distortions (with associated modification factors) are illustrated. Framed stiffness footing bearing capacity also eval...

While structural strengthening is not the consequence of a structure's condition failure, it does take place as result need to increase stiffness and load capacity when change in usage occurs. As result, various techniques must be presented enhance elements by considering economic time requirement factors load-bearing capacity. In this study, issue demonstrated using steel I-beam that was stren...