Membrane bioreactors (MBRs) have several advantages such as high-quality effluent, small footprint and less sludge production over conventional activated sludge systems, and are therefore considered to be a promising technology for future wastewater treatment. For wider use of MBRs, however, high-energy consumption in the operation of MBRs, mainly attributed to membrane fouling, needs to be add...

The fouling of a spiral wound reverse osmosis (RO) membrane after nearly 1 year of service in a brackish water treatment plant was investigated using optical and electron microscopic methods, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). Both the top surface and the cross-section of the fouled membrane were analysed to moni...

A single-fibre microfiltration system was employed to investigate the importance of various operating and sludge property parameters to the membrane fouling during sludge filtration. The sludge was obtained from a submerged membrane bioreactor (SMBR). A series of comparative and correlative filtration and fouling tests were conducted on the influence of the operating variables, sludge propertie...

Novel signal-processing protocols were used to extend the in situ sensitivity of ultrasonic frequency-domain reflectometry (UFDR) for real-time monitoring of microfiltration (MF) membrane fouling during protein purification. Different commercial membrane materials, with a nominal pore size of 0.2 µm, were challenged using bovine serum albumin (BSA) and amylase as model proteins. Fouling induced...

Membrane fouling is a major drawback of reverse osmosis (RO) membrane filtration as it negatively affects the quantity and quality of the permeate and lifespan of the membrane. Spacer plays a pivotal role in hydrodynamics of the membrane channel thus influencing the membrane fouling. In this study, a series of novel sinusoidal spacers that can form unobstructed sinusoidal membrane channels were...

removing of ions from different water and waste water is one of the most important of nanofiltration potential for different aims, such as softening of potable water, remove of heavy metal ions and purification of waste water to reuse. in this study nanofiltration was used to remove of the most important ions (na+, k+, ca2+, mg2+, so42-, cl-) in sugar beet press water to reuse of this stream. e...

Dielectric interface would be formed on the electrode surface during the analysis or disposal of many phenolic compounds due to electro-polymerization. This could cause electrode passivation, also called electrode fouling, which is indicated by the continuously decaying current signal. This paper proposed a model based on the potential drop across the fouling layer, which is helpful for deep un...

fouling is one of the main parameters in design of any exchanger. ignoring this parameter causes problems such as overheating or under- heating of process streams. in this article a heat exchanger network was designed using process streams data in cdu of tehran refinery. then using tema fouling factors, network exchangers were designed and area and cost were estimated. by changing fouling facto...

One of the key issues in membrane technology is to avoid fouling which is formed on the membrane surface. To get over this trouble, the use of a patterned surface was suggested as a way to reduce fouling. In this report, both the experimental and numerical studies were performed with a prism patterned membrane system. In our experiments, we observe the local distribution of microbials; more fou...

The performance of ion exchange (IX) resin for organics removal from wastewater was assessed using advanced characterisation techniques for varying doses of IX. Organic characterisation using liquid chromatography with a photodiode array (PDA) and fluorescence spectroscopy (Method A), and UV254, organic carbon and organic nitrogen detectors (Method B), was undertaken on wastewater before and af...