Seed dispersal constitutes a pivotal process in an increasingly fragmented world, promoting population connectivity, colonization and range shifts in plants. Unveiling how multiple frugivore species disperse seeds through fragmented landscapes, operating as mobile links, has remained elusive owing to methodological constraints for monitoring seed dispersal events. We combine for the first time ...

Granularity as described by Hobbs [5] is a parameter of context that restricts a) the available objects and b) the categories and properties for characterizing objects. Geographic spatial granularity is mainly determined by size, and surfaces in geography as scale-dependency. Goodchild [4] points out that one main specialty of geographic attributes is scale-specificity : A region that is assign...

Official protection can play a major role in the conservation of biodiversity and sustainable management of endangered species habitat. Bozin and Marakhil Forest in Kermanshah province of Iran covers 23,724 ha of semi-arid Zagros forests. It was designated as a protected habitat area for Eurasian roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) in 1999, a species that thrives on forest edge habitat. Using remote...

Fo re st ry B rie fin g N um be r 4, M ay 2 00 3 Introduction A major reason for the high failure rate of rural development forestry projects is the weak economic incentives for local forest users and other stakeholders to participate in sustainable forest management (SFM). In view of the high dependency of the rural poor on forests for their livelihoods, this has serious poverty implications. ...

An important aim in forest-ecosystem investigation is to analyse the development of forest damages and to quantify changes in the damage-states over time of individual trees by influential factors. In addition to the ordinal measurement in such longitudinal studies one has to consider spatial correlations of the trees within an ecosystem. We present a practical method to include such dependency...

Random forest is an ensemble classification algorithm. It performs well when most predictive variables are noisy and can be used when the number of variables is much larger than the number of observations. The use of bootstrap samples and restricted subsets of attributes makes it more powerful than simple ensembles of trees. The main advantage of a random forest classifier is its explanatory po...

This study examined to study how respondents rely on the Internet to fulfill the various life goals dimensioned into understanding, orientation and playing goals, and how this dependency relates to the generation of social capital. Further, it examined the resources of social capital in terms of bonding social capita and bridging social capital. In this study quantitative research approach was ...

Forest topsoil supports vegetation growth and contains the majority of soil nutrients that are important indices of soil fertility and quality. Therefore, estimating forest topsoil properties, such as soil organic matter (SOM), total nitrogen (Total N), pH, litter-organic (O-A) horizon depth (Depth) and available phosphorous (AvaP), is of particular importance for forest development and managem...