A study of 108 female sex workers engaged in prostitution in Georgetown, Guyana, was made in April 1993. Based on interviews and procurement of blood samples, the study investigated relationships between HIV seroprevalences and AIDS knowledge, risk behaviors, client characteristics, and condom use. Street-walkers-as distinct from sex workers in bars, hotels, and Port Georgetown-tended to charge...

We examine the economic justification for providing investment subsidies to foreign-owned multinationals. These provide employment opportunities and generate demand for domestic intermediate inputs, produced by domestic workers with increasing returns to scale. Offering subsidies to multinationals may be in the national interest if the investment raises the net value of domestic production. Whe...

labor right is one of rights that has been recognized for aliens by generic documents of human rights, conventions of international labor organization(ilo) and internal acts. aliens’ occupation in iran that roots in ancient age, from iran’s membership in ilo until today has moved toward evolution under influence of fundamental labor rights conventions consist of: prohibition of forced labor, no...

A novel linked employer-employee data set documents that expanding multinational enterprises retain more domestic jobs than competitors without foreign expansions. In contrast to prior research, a propensity score estimator allows enterprise performance to vary with foreign direct investment (FDI) and shows that the foreign expansion itself is the dominant explanatory factor for reduced worker ...

The two main reasons cited by the U.S. tech industry for hiring foreign workers­­remedying labor shortages and hiring "the best and the brightest"­­are not supported by the data, even after excluding the Indian IT service firms. Instead, the primary goals of employers in hiring the foreign workers are to reduce labor costs and to obtain "indentured" employees. Current immigration policy is caus...

The recent empirical literature finds negative (or weakly negative) distributional effects of the inflows of immigrants on the wages and employment of US-born workers especially low skilled and very small overall gains if we include the effect on capital. Our paper begins by revealing an empirical regularity apparently at odds with these findings: in a panel of citylevel data over time (1970-20...

China experienced a sharp increase in wage inequality between unskilled and skilled workers in the late 1990s. Using a sample of 1,500 firms in five Chinese cities with available data for 1998 and 2000, we investigate the role of technology and foreign trade in determining China’s wage inequality. We find evidence that conditional on the technology deployed, trade reduces wage inequality in exp...

In unicolonial populations of ants, individuals can mix freely within large networks of nests that contain many queens. It has been proposed that the absence of aggression in unicolonial populations stems from a loss of nest mate recognition, but few studies have tested this hypothesis. We investigated patterns of aggression and nest mate recognition in the unicolonial wood ant, Formica paralug...

BACKGROUND Among approximately 163.5 million foreign-born persons admitted to the United States annually, only 500,000 immigrants and refugees are required to undergo overseas tuberculosis (TB) screening. It is unclear what extent of the unscreened nonimmigrant visitors contributes to the burden of foreign-born TB in the United States. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We defined foreign-born pe...

We contribute to the literature on Foreign Direct Investment and labour markets by examining wage differentials between domestic and foreign firms, drawing on a large Portuguese matched employer-employee panel. Using OLS, the foreign-firm premium is large and significantly positive but falls substantially when firm and worker controls are added. Moreover, the premium also does not vary monotoni...