Many fishery management tools currently in use have conservation value. They are designed to maintain stocks of commercially important species above target levels. However, their limitations are evident from continuing declines in fish stocks throughout the world. We make the case that to reverse fishery declines, safeguard marine life and sustain ecosystem processes, extensive marine reserves ...

In a managed floating exchange rate regime, one of the most important issues is the degree to which the monetary authorities intervene in the foreign exchange market.  The appropriate level of intervention in the foreign exchange market can be discussed in a framework which emphasizes the trade-off between changes in the country’s level of international reserves and minimizes the country’s real...

Marine reserves are areas of the sea where fishing is not allowed. They provide refuges where populations of exploited species can recover and habitats modified by fishing can regenerate. In some places, closed areas have been used for fisheries management for centuries [1] and, until recently, natural refugia also existed, inaccessible through depth, distance or adverse conditions. Development...

The purpose of this study is to analyze the effect exports and international debt on Foreign Exchange Reserves in Indonesia 2000-2021. data used secondary time series obtained from Badan Pusat Statistik Bank Indonesia. analysis classical assumption test (normality test, multicollinearity heteroscedasticity autocorrelation test), multiple linear regression statistical tests (test coefficient det...

This study examines the effect of Exchange Rate Fluctuation and Foreign Reserves on Macroeconomics Performance in Nigeria from 1980-2019. The variables interest include External Debt, Reserves, Rate, Debt Servicing Government Expenditure were analyzed using co-integration, auto-redistribution lag model (ARDL) Granger Causality test to understand long short run relationship between variables. Re...

The unprecedented rise in Foreign Exchange Reserves (FER) in some of the Asian countries raises a concern about their optimal size and appropriate utilization. In India too, in recent months, different ways to utilize FER, in particular, to finance infrastructure, have been debated. The Government of India intends to use a part of its FER for infrastructure financing and has announced a scheme ...